With the rapid arrival of intelligent information society such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we have always called for changes and reforms in education in the future. Recently, Covid-19 has become an opportunity to reveal the appearance and nec...
With the rapid arrival of intelligent information society such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we have always called for changes and reforms in education in the future. Recently, Covid-19 has become an opportunity to reveal the appearance and necessity of future education without makeup, and is a turning point for educational change. As online classes have increased due to Covid-19, it has become common for teachers to use technology in their classes, along with educational demands to introduce technology in school education. However, there are many concerns that the online class, which started without sufficient preparation, is deepening the gap between learning and education, such as the phenomenon in which most students cannot concentrate on learning, the lack of communication with friends and teachers, and the absence of care for double-income families. As discussions on online classes begin, online classes require integrated changes in consideration of the educational environment, educational content, educational methods, and curriculum beyond the application of e-learning methods. In this regard, it is necessary to look at proposed technology content and teaching competence (TPACK) to explain interactive knowledge of technology, teaching methods, and curriculum content. In addition, efforts are active in the education community to change the paradigm of education, and teachers are at the core and most important position in changing education. Teachers' beliefs, attitudes, and values are very important in rapidly changing online classroom environments where the future is unpredictable, and teacher effectiveness among teachers' inner beliefs or attitudes consistently and consistently affects learners' achievement. Therefore, it is very important to look at the effectiveness of technology content and teaching competence (TPACK) as variables for the successful performance of teachers in online class settings.
This study aims to examine the effects of technology content and teaching competence (TPACK) on kindergarten teachers' sense of teacher effectiveness, and to find ways to improve kindergarten teachers' sense of teacher effectiveness. To this end, the following research questions were established: First, does the effectiveness of teachers vary depending on teacher-level variations, school-level variations, technology content, and professor-competence variations? Second, what variables have a significant effect on teacher effectiveness?
In this study, a questionnaire was created referring to the 7th Gyeonggi Education End Study and the questionnaire questions of TALIS 2018, and surveyed kindergarten teachers in Gyeonggi-do and analyzed the results. Statistics and data processing utilized the SPSS Statistics 25 program, with frequency analysis to determine general characteristics of the subjects, Cronbach's α coefficient to determine the reliability of the measurement tool, technical statistics, one-way batch ANOVA, and post-test variables. First of all, the difference analysis was conducted to examine the difference between teacher-level variation, school-level variation, technology content, and teaching effectiveness, which are sub-factors of teacher effectiveness, and living guidance effectiveness. Next, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of teacher-level variations, school-level variations, technology content, and professor-level variations on the effectiveness of learning instruction and living instruction.
Looking at the results of this study, first, there were significant differences in the effectiveness of teachers, schools, technology, and teaching skills, which are sub-factors of teacher effectiveness, and life guidance effectiveness. In the background of teachers with less than 10 years of teaching experience, teachers in their 20s and 50s than teachers in their 20s, and teachers in their 30s and 50s have higher educational background. Teacher characteristics show significant differences in personal utility motivation, social utility motivation, teacher morale and enthusiasm, teacher satisfaction, professional development activities, and higher class improvement activities. In school-level variations, there were significant differences in establishment type, school culture, and director's transformative leadership, and the effectiveness of teacher effectiveness, teacher effectiveness, and life guidance. In terms of technology content and professors' capabilities, there are significant differences in technology knowledge and technology professor knowledge, which are subcomponents of teacher efficacy, learning guidance efficacy, and living guidance efficacy.
Second, variables that significantly affect teacher efficacy were teachers' age, educational background, school culture, and technology teaching knowledge, while those that significantly affect learning guidance efficacy were teachers' age, morale, enthusiasm, educational background, school culture, and technology teaching knowledge. Variants that significantly affect the effectiveness of living guidance were teachers' educational background, school culture, and technology teaching knowledge. As a result, the higher the educational background, school culture, and technology teaching knowledge, the higher the effectiveness of kindergarten teachers, the effectiveness of learning guidance, and the effectiveness of living guidance.
Based on the findings, the following conclusions and implications were drawn: First, in order to improve the effectiveness of kindergarten teachers, it is necessary to strengthen the technology contents and teaching capabilities (TPACK) of kindergarten teachers. It is necessary to strengthen technology content and teaching competence (TPACK) that can be selected and utilized according to the given classroom situation and specific tasks and teaching methods. To this end, TPACK programs should be structured to have technology integration experience in the preliminary teacher curriculum, and TPACK capabilities should be strengthened by creating an educational environment to appropriately utilize technology with great learning effects for incumbent teachers.
Second, educational policy support is needed to establish a democratic school culture based on respect and consideration. Kindergarten should be a warm and safe learning space, and based on openness and cooperation, a democratic kindergarten culture should be established in which all organizational members become subjects of education and learn and grow together in democratic and voluntary participation. To this end, education policies need to be supported so that democratic kindergarten culture can be established by creating educational conditions for teachers to concentrate on classes and life education, expanding opportunities for all educational communities to participate in operations as participants, decision-makers, leaders, guides, collaborators and assistants.
Third, support is needed to revitalize learning communities based on communication and cooperation. The priority should be to establish an educational environment system that can boost the morale and enthusiasm of kindergarten teachers and enhance teacher satisfaction and teacher effectiveness. To this end, it is necessary to support the activation of a learning community that grows together in the process of kindergarten teachers developing and practicing curriculum and classes, communicating and cooperating with educational activities.
This study has the following limitations. First, it is difficult to generalize the results of the study as the scope of the study was limited to public and private kindergarten teachers in Gyeonggi-do. Second, this study analyzed mainly the variables of technology knowledge(TK) and technology teaching knowledge(TPK), which are sub-elements of technology content and teaching competency(TPACK), and generalized to the effect of technology content and teaching competency(TPACK) on the efficacy of kindergarten teachers. There are limits to what you can do. Third, as a quantitative analysis research method that analyzes the results of the survey, there is a limit in finding out the specific reality such as the affective aspect in relation to the teacher efficacy of kindergarten teachers.