Since the birth of humans, food is indispensable in the history of human survival. Humans must eat and survive and work through it. Food is indispensable for survival in human history, but it has also been a struggle with food until now. In other words, the process of selecting food that humans can safely eat would not have been so green. There are still numerous plants that have not been found as new or safe food. Food is not only a means for human survival, but also a means of showing off oneself. Currently, many people around the world show what and how they are eating through Facebook and Instagram, and self-expression and self-satisfaction are achieved through this. In order to save spices in Europe, Britain even fought an opium war with China, which changed world history. Food has become a factor in changing history, from survival to preference. If you look at our food law, you can see that the contents are stipulated to be involved in state interference to secure food safety and maintain it. By the way, the concept of what food is is ambiguous food is. In other words, our food law sets the scope of food as a relative concept of medicine, so it seems that food excluded from medicine is food. This way of thinking is very difficult to recognize the identity of food.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish the concept of food under our food law. To this end, it is necessary to look at and compare concepts of food in the EU, the United States, and other countries. The characteristics of our food law are somewhat ambiguous in food law, but we can infer the concept of food through the Notice on Food Standards and Standards." In addition, there are aspects in which the scope of food is determined through the Notice on Food Standards and Standards. Therefore, we believe that food in our Food Act can outline the concept of food through the Food Act and the Notice on Food Standards and Standards'. Food regulations seem to have been mainly centered on regulations on the business behavior of food operators. In other words, it has been seen as a matter of restrictions on freedom of business or freedom of expression under the Constitution of food business operators. However, the state's active and active regulation of food is not just a matter of limiting basic rights to food businesses. Rather, it needs to be emphasized that the state has an obligation to protect the lives and bodies of its people. As a result, the right to safety and health can be discussed as a basic right for the state to protect the lives and bodies of its people. It is difficult to establish the concept or scope of protection of the right to safety or health. This is not a fundamental right explicitly stipulated in the Korean Constitution, but rather an interpretation of the constitutional regulations, so there is also a difference of opinion on whether to acknowledge its existence. The Constitutional Court does not explicitly state whether the right to safety or health is recognized, but uses the expression "right to safety" or "right to health" to demonstrate awareness of the right to health. In light of that, the Constitutional Court may indirectly recognize the right to safety and health. The right to safety or health is essential for preserving and maintaining life and body, and it can be said that it is a fundamental right that is premised on human dignity and human life. In light of this, the concept of safety or health rights cannot be rejected on the grounds that they are ambiguous or that the scope of protection cannot be clarified. The right to safety or health of the people is subject to the obligation of the state to protect the basic rights of the state. The Constitutional Court also recognizes the nation's obligation to protect its fundamental rights when it comes to the lives and bodies of its citizens. The state will have to apply a more active and efficient approach to fulfilling its protective obligations of the right to safety and health. The Constitutional Court has a way of controlling clarity in terms of norm control, but it is not reasonable to take a way of controlling clarity in cases involving people's lives and bodies. Therefore, when it comes to people's lives and bodies, it needs to be shifted to an effectiveness control method, that is, an effective and more appropriate method. This is because if it is only a way of controlling clarity, it is hardly an appropriate control over the harm that occurs to people's lives and bodies. In particular, in the case of administrative legislation, control of administrative legislation needs to be stricter, considering the expertise in the administration of the country and the amount of information secured. Even if the state implements food regulations in a more improved way, such as using effective control methods to protect the safety and health rights of the people, the constitutional proportional principles must be observed. In particular, food regulations, a type of safety regulation, are subject to precautionary measures to eliminate the occurrence of food harm or risk in advance, which dampens freedom of business or freedom of expression for food operators. Therefore, if regulations or restrictions are imposed on food businesses in accordance with precautionary measures, a review should be made using stricter proportional principles. Current food regulations are designed to ensure food safety and protect consumers. However, there can be some confusion about the purpose of food regulation or the way it is done. Food regulations are basically aimed at ensuring the safety and health of people's lives, bodies and health by eliminating "hazard" to food. Nevertheless, there are aspects of our food law that are not clear what "harm" means. Terms such as "risk," "harm" and "risk" are used in police administration, but they do not seem to have a clear meaning or distinction. As a result, it seems very important to reveal the meaning of "harm" in food regulation. Harm under our Food Act can be seen as a so-called risk, given the precautionary aspect. In this regard, food regulation can be said to have the meaning of 'risk administration'. Our Food Safety Act enacted the Food Safety Act around 2008 and introduced precautionary measures. However, there are several problems with food safety legislation. In other words, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety was promoted to establish the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, but its role as a control tower related to food safety is insufficient. The purpose of the establishment of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety was to take charge of food safety regulations throughout food, but the regulatory authority on food is dispersed among various agencies, so unitary and unitary safety management is not possible. Secondly, compensation regulations are insufficient. Food regulations have aspects of restricting property rights in police administration. This restriction does not constitute a public infringement that requires legitimate compensation. However, if a non-countable restriction is imposed on the infringer, it would be necessary to compensate for it. In the United States, it seems to be approaching the concept of regulatory compensation, and in our constitution, it is considered to be regulatory compensation. Regulatory or regulatory compensation seems to be in line with the purpose, which is not constitutional party compensation and is not necessarily monetary compensation, so various compensation methods can be considered, but legal grounds are required. In our Food Safety Act, we also need to have compensation regulations for cases that fall under regulatory or regulatory compensation. Thirdly, it introduced proactiveism, but the reality is that it is taking an American precautionary approach. A quantitative approach to the possibility of harm generation with a somewhat quantitative approach can be said to be not faithful to precaution. To ensure food safety, the EU enacted rule 178/2002 to modernize food safety in the United States. Both EU rules 178/2002 and the Food Safety Modernization Act in the United States have a precautionary nature to food safety. Having a precautionary nature does not mean the same level of action. As mentioned above, in the United States, measures can be taken if they exceed a certain number of measurements through the measurement of risk, and a precautionary approach is taken. The U.S. Food Safety and Drug Administration's authority was strengthened by seeking a food regulation paradigm called "from response to prevention" and allowing administrative seizure to be determined and enforced through judicial procedures. In addition, registration of food manufacturing facilities outside the United States was mandatory and due diligence was made possible, and food inspections were carried out using private resources. The Food Safety Modernization Act provides rules for agricultural products, agricultural water, excrement, soil and health, hygiene, and farm owners and employees, including good manufacturing standards, risk analysis and risk-based precautionary control rules apply to manufacturing, processing, packaging, and storage. EU Food Law established the European Food Safety Agency, which stopped scientific proposals and technical support for food and feed, and considered animal health and welfare and food health and the environment. The main content of the EU Food Act is the analysis of risks, proactiveism, protection of consumer interests, transparency, food safety concepts, accountability principles, and strengthening of follow-up capabilities. If you look at the current status of safety standards in our Food Act, you can classify them as food safety, food quality and food advertisements. Food safety can be said to be safety of food itself, and in the case of general foods, the contents of food safety standards can be known through the Notice on Food Standards and Standards, and in the case of health functional foods, the regulations on functional and business facilities can be identified. In cases involving the so-called mad cow disease wave in relation to food safety standards, there has been a great demand for different judicial control standards. In other words, many of the Constitutional Court's views on the implementation of the national basic rights obligation did not violate the underprotective principle, but the minority emphasized that the effectiveness control standard should be applied beyond the clarity control. We believe that judgment should be made in advance on whether the state has the physical ability to effectively prevent and eliminate harm, and whether proper control is possible through due process and whether the state has done enough to prevent food harm. Our Food Act also provides for food quality. Each country seems to have a different position on whether it is appropriate for the state to determine food quality. However, food quality can also be seen as related to the safety and health of the people, so it seems justifiable for the state to intervene. In other words, if the quality of food is significantly reduced or if the quality of the food is likely to cause harm, there is a need for the state to control it. Food quality has a rating system for livestock products, a rating system for agricultural products, a rating system for marine products and a rating system for forest products. The livestock rating system, especially for beef, does not seem appropriate. The current beef rating system seems to have borrowed U.S. standards, but the U.S. rating system is based on marbling, which is not appropriate to use as a beef rating because it is highly likely to be mistaken for high-quality beef depending on the degree of marbling. It is not appropriate for the state to give a lump-sum and uniform rating on food quality. In the past, livestock, agricultural and fishery products, and pregnant products were not diverse, and the standards proposed by the state were reasonable at the time when there were no significant differences between regions. However, today, it is difficult to determine the food quality itself uniformly, such as regional cultivation methods and climate, and the diversification of seeds shows various characteristics depending on the food group, and is affected by the natural environment. As a result, it seems necessary for the state to set a rating for food with producers, distributors, food experts, etc. according to each food type, characteristic, etc., rather than to set a single standard, and to set a variable standard according to flexible circumstances. Food advertising is an area of freedom of expression, and pre-censorship is unconstitutional under the Constitution. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety operated a preliminary review of health-functioning foods, but was ruled unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. Then, the Food Advertising Act (hereinafter referred to as the Food Advertising Act) was enacted, but the Food Advertising Act stipulates that all food advertisements must be reviewed in advance. However, the Food Advertising Act or the pre-deliberation system established above shall be deemed unconstitutional because it falls under pre-censorship. In other words, food advertising is an area of freedom of expression, and control by the state should be post facto, and food businesses should voluntarily and autonomously regulate it. However, the Food Advertising Act already forces deliberation, and it is hard to say that the deliberation agency was established voluntarily by food operators for advertising deliberation or voluntarily participated in the deliberation. In addition, considering the fact that the Food Advertising Act imposes disadvantages if not reviewed, the pre-deliberation system for advertising is considered to be a preliminary censorship. Therefore, the deliberation on advertising needs to be clarified in the autonomous regulatory way of food service providers. It can be said that the demonstration system for the indication and advertisement of food, etc. can be operated to autonomously regulate food business operators in connection with food advertising. Proofing agents are not only stipulated in food advertising. The demonstration system for cosmetics advertising has already been implemented, and the demonstration system for broadcast advertising is already in place. The demonstration system can be said to be a system that has aspects of consumer protection while acknowledging self-regulation of food businesses' advertising contents. However, the demonstration system of the Food Advertising Act appears to be misleading and implementing as if it could be advertised and functionally labeled on food. In our country, food can be categorized as general food and health functional food in a normative way. Healthy functional foods shall be foods made using raw materials recognized for their functionality and shall meet fairly demanding conditions. On the other hand, regular foods have banned advertising for certain functions. However, it seems that the demonstration system of the Food Advertising Act can also display functionality, and it is interpreted that it is sufficient to demonstrate it, but this is not reasonable. Furthermore, the Enforcement Rules of the Food Advertising Act 2021.5.27 were revised to incorporate functional marked foods into the subject of prior deliberation. The above measures by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety can be evaluated as sending a signal that functional labeling of general foods is possible through demonstration drugs and that there are no legal problems after prior deliberation. However, our food law clearly distinguishes general foods from health functional foods, and the demonstration agent for food advertisements is designed to give food companies autonomy to form advertisements, especially general foods. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety itself has broken down the legal system legitimacy of food and created a new type of food that should be recognized through legislation, which can be considered an unreasonable administrative legislation. Problems with demonstrative drugs are also seen in the demonstrative procedure. The standard for the degree of demonstration is the question of how far the advertising content of food businesses should be demonstrated, and the content of advertising consists of facts, opinions, and recommendations, which can be said to be difficult to distinguish clearly. Furthermore, it is also a challenge to determine how much demonstration must be made to prove it. In light of the purpose of the demonstration system regarding the time of preparation of demonstration data, demonstration data before advertising activities will be demonstrative data. If the data prepared after the advertisement are considered empirical, this is because the possibility of distortion cannot be ruled out depending on the data prepared afterwards. What must be clarified in the demonstration procedure is the post-processing procedure for the failure to submit the demonstration data. In other words, if the demonstration data is not submitted, it is related to the question of whether the advertisement should be judged as false exaggeration, whether the advertisement should be suspended, and what disadvantage should be imposed on the act of not submitting the demonstration data. However, it appears unclear about this. This is something that should be supplemented by legislation in principle of reservation. It can be said that the traditional regulation of the state to secure food safety was a method of administrative action or coercion in the country's high-regional status. As a result, illegal results have been removed through direct coercion and vicarious execution of administrative acts such as business permits and sales bans to food business operators. However, it seems that food safety is insufficient to be achieved through such high-altitude activities. State-led regulations are losing efficiency due to the complexity and specialization of food production processes due to the advancement of technological development in the food sector and diversification of consumption, and it is questionable whether they can handle all safety regulations.
Moreover, the need for private cooperation in food safety regulations seems to have increased greatly as food safety accidents continue to occur due to the demand for efficient regulations and the absence of national regulations. In other words, traditional means of police intervention, such as ordering and forcing, may not be effective means of preventing danger. In addition, risk management by the operator itself is necessary because it is desirable to induce risk reduction, to use non-powerful, collaborative and independent techniques, and risk management may have more information, knowledge and technology about risk components. The recognition of self-regulation to food operators on food safety regulations does not mean that the state should be excluded from food safety regulations. In other words, food-related parties can be divided into national and local governments, suppliers of products, and consumers who consume products. In the past, it was a common structure for the administration to protect consumers through regulations on suppliers of products with exclusive information. This structure was the same in other regulatory administrations. Traditionally, in modern times, it cannot be denied that the state or local government has the status of an administrative agency and has the status of a subject of food safety regulations. In other words, the administration of the state has played a unique role in preventing harm and maintaining order under police law, and despite changes in the role of the state and the way it performs its duties, it remains the responsibility of the state to secure food safety. The state acknowledges the self-regulation of food businesses, but bears the final responsibility, based on the guaranteed national theory and the guaranteed administration based on it. Accordingly, self-regulation of food businesses would take the form of 'self-regulation regulated by the state'. The responsibility of the state is expected to be specifically in the form of legal control responsibility, illegal activities responsibility to the public, and regulatory responsibility to food businesses. There should be factors that make food businesses actively participate in self-regulation and bear responsibility. It is hard to deny that there should be a corresponding factor for food businesses to cooperate with the state. As a result, rational choice theory is mentioned as a factor in food businesses' cooperative participation in self-regulation. Rational choice theory is the theory that people choose all behaviors, including crime, that choice is directed toward pleasure, pain reduction, pleasure and pain are calculated by rational reason, and that benefits are chosen in a large way based on calculated results. Rational choice theory would lead to the conclusion that entities would actively participate in self-regulation if they could gain more benefits than costs by taking into account losses and gains from participating in self-regulation. In two dimensions, the success factors of self-regulation are first guaranteed property rights or property values of self-regulators, and second is seen as providing reliable pledges to monitor and guarantee the enforcement of agreed self-regulations. For self-regulation, it may be divided into cases where a self-regulatory organization is established based on law, public duties are assigned to private organizations in the form of self-regulation, or additional organizations are established between supervisory agencies and business operators. However, there is a concern that the establishment of a self-regulatory body for self-regulation would be nothing more than a replacement for the administrative entity that was originally responsible for public affairs. Rather, in light of criticism that the government shows the nature of self-regulation that allows the private sector to regulate things that cannot be regulated, it can be seen that the state uses the form of self-regulation to expand the scope of regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the expansion or expansion of regulations even though the state operates autonomous regulations. Currently, autonomous regulations can be seen as self-quality inspection obligations, shelf life settings, food history tracking system, hygiene rating management system, health functional food GMP, quality management system, raw material inspection obligation, etc. Food advertising is very important as an area of self-regulation. This is because food advertising is closely related to food safety regulations, but also to the fundamental rights of freedom of occupation and freedom of expression of food operators. As mentioned above, if the purpose of stipulating the demonstration system in the Food Advertising Act is the recognition of self-regulation of food advertising by food operators, the current state of the operation of the demonstration system does not conform to the purpose of the Food Advertising Act. Food business organizations that can conduct preliminary deliberations on food advertisements are currently authorized by the Association of Partners, the Korea Food Industry Association and the Health Functional Food Association. This can be particularly suspected of fairness in that food businesses deliberate on their food advertisements. It is necessary to consider a third party to resolve these doubts. In the U.S. and Japan, various operators, stakeholders, and advertising workers gather to operate an advertising review organization. In Korea, a Korean advertising self-examination organization has been established similarly. In the future, it is necessary to consider securing the expertise of food advertising through the Korea Advertising Autonomy Review Organization, a third organization. It can be seen that self-regulation has already been introduced in food regulations, but it is difficult to answer the question of whether it is operating effectively, which is fully understood in light of the fact that the pre-censorship system is operating as seen in food advertising. The issue of self-regulation also emerged in Germany and the United States, along with the issue of governance. Governance is not necessarily in line with self-regulation in that it is a lightweight country. However, governance should be the foundation for effective self-regulation in that it can share national challenges. Governance is very important in cooperation between the public and private sectors. In our food law, there are committees established under the Food Act, consumers participate directly, operators' cooperation to achieve public purposes, and share public tasks with professional private organizations. However, the above methods are not effective governance, but rather they operate according to the needs of the state, which raises questions about their effectiveness. The first step is to acknowledge the fact that the state needs help from the private sector in order to implement more effective self-regulation. And in order for the private sector to participate and actively and effectively bear public responsibility, several preconditions will have to be met. That is, access to administrative information should be guaranteed to the private sector. If the state monopolizes administrative information and does not share it with the private sector, it will be difficult to obtain active cooperation from the private sector. In addition, the right to participate in administrative procedures needs to be guaranteed and the committee should also form a structure in which opinions from the private sector will be substantially reflected. And the private sector should be guaranteed to participate in the norm-making process. In other words, in establishing food safety standards or food quality standards, efforts should be made to obtain professional knowledge through active participation of the private sector and adjust interests to complete effective norms for application. Self-regulation in the private sector can be said to have a dual nature. In other words, it is an aspect of enhancing autonomy for the private sector and an aspect of expanding regulations. In modern countries, the expansion of self-regulation may emphasize positive aspects rather than negative aspects. In particular, food businesses' respect for expertise and know-how and securing food safety through them are practical in terms of national food regulations, which can be a step forward in securing safety for people's lives and bodies. Nevertheless, since the state is the subject of final responsibility, it can be said that it has an obligation not to neglect the control of legitimacy and supervisory duties to prevent self-regulation from deviating.