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다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study analyzes the adverbs used as the focus sensitive operator in the modern Chinese language and introduces them to the focus structure of modern Chinese in terms of information structure.
In the modern Chinese language, the part of speech, the adverb, was considered in terms of the focus sensitive operator in the actual discourse in the information structure. The results are summarized as follows.
Firstly, there are many ways to express focus. Among them, we tried to distinguish the term labeling using words. Although the function of the focus markers and the focus sensitive operator is different, no distinction has been made in the past. Unlike focus markers, focus sensitive operators have distinct lexical meanings and act as an operator to relate to nuclear scope in sentences. It is also a word that can be omitted syntactically, but it makes a big difference semantically. This confirmed that the focus sensitive operator has distinct lexical meaning and is a function that can be played by adverbs.
Secondly, in previous focus studies, the lexical focus marker has flexibility in relation to the semantic orientation. Among restrictive focus sensitive operators, 5 items that have exclusive meaning ‘jiu’，‘zhi’，‘guang’，‘zhishi’，‘zhiyou’ and modal focus sensitive operators ‘juran’，‘mingming’，‘nandao’，‘fanzheng’，‘duokui’ have backward oriented features in sentences. In addition, focus-related constituents follow in the same direction as semantic orientation. This has indicated that in order to make the focus more relevant, movement of these 10 items in sentences is essential.
However, there is no movement in the sentence as the general focus sensitive operator, ‘dou’ is both forward and backward oriented. For this reason ‘dou’ has been discussed as being related only to noun phrases. However, when a subject is omitted from a sentence, or a object shifts, or ‘Ba structure’ is adopted, the semantic orientation and direction of focus-relation can be changed to form a predicate focus structure.
The analysis of the focus structure in the discourse found that the focus sensitive operator had the flexibility to be in several places in the sentence, but even without flexibility, it had the semantic relation and focus relation with noun phrases.
Thirdly, modal focus sensitive operators focus are the words with strong subjectivity of the speaker. Generally, those adverbs were considered subjective only and were not perceived as focus sensitive operators. In the process of waling focus sensitive operators, it was possible to include two-syllable modal adverbs in this study range. As a result, we found that previously unargued modal adverbs can be an important device of indicating focus as well as the speaker's strong subjectivity in the sentence.
Fourthly, The focus analysis was attempted in the actual conversation, rather than using a single sentence to examine the focus structure under various assumptions. As a result, it was possible to derive the focal structures according to the position in the sentence of a focus sensitive operator whose meaning orientation was unidirectional. Restrictive focus sensitive operators ‘jiu’，‘zhi’，‘guang’，‘zhishi’，‘zhiyou’ focalize on the following constituent in the sentence. Thus, it has flexibility which can be shifted in front of the certain constituent in the sentence to focalize on the sentence constituent such as the subject, the predicate, the object, and the adverbial phrase. Modal focus sensitive operators such as ‘juran’，‘mingming’，‘nandao’，‘fanzheng’，‘duokui’ are also located in front of sentence and predicate and form a sentence focus structure, predicate focus structure respectively. In order to make the focus stand out, modal adverbs also change their position of use in the sentence as the focus scope changes.
In particular, it has been studied in previous studies that the general focus sensitive operator ‘dou’ is to focalize noun phrases. However, it was evident that there were changes in the word order of the basic constituents of the sentence, except for the focus sensitive operator, that would form a predicative focus structure. Unlike previous research on lexical focus markers, which were only studied on the direction of meaning orientation, it was possible to show that there were differences in the direction of meaning orientation and the direction of focus components in forming the actual focus structure.
Fifthly, adverbs in modern Chinese are relatively free to move in sentences compared to other parts of speech. The results that mechanism caused this freedom showed that the movement in focus sensitive operator had all syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors. In addition, the focus strength of the component which have a focus relation with the exclusive focus operator is the highest, the modal focus sensitive operator is the second highest, general focus sensitive operators are the third. However, if multiple focus sensitive operators are used in a single sentence, the focal component, controlled by a more subjective focus sensitive operator, becomes the focal area of the entire sentence. In this case, if a modal adverb and a general adverb or a modal adverb and an exclusive adverb were used together, it was used in the order of ‘a modal adverb - a general adverb’ or ‘a modal adverb – an exclusive adverb ’.

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