김정일시대 북한의 사회통제 연구 = (A) study of North Korea’s social control in Kim Jong-il era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The political system of North Korea has a particularity which is difficult to be understood from the view of Western liberal democracy system. This is confirmed with the case in which the system and regime didn’t collapse although an immense of people died of hunger due to extreme economic crisis after death of Kim Il Sung in 1994. The thesis, which started from a critical viewpoint of ‘how to explain such phenomenon,’ analyzes the change of social control and its characteristics before and after the Arduous March (1995∼1998) by focusing on the social control of North Korea’s authority. For this purpose, this thesis quoted mainly ‘Nation Apparatus Theory’ of Louis Althusser who suggested ‘Repressive State Apparatuses’ (RSA) and ‘Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA) as two bases of social control.
This study examines the change of North Korea’s social control before and after the Arduous March with focus on three aspects, namely, 1) Control subject 2) Control structure 3) Control Method. Above all, it asserted the fact that the subject of social control is changed from the labor party to military. It is said that severe economic crisis drove the organization of party of each class to collapsing state, and military with force and strict regulation substituted it. This thesis, which noticed emerge of military, besides national security, as a leader of revolution and construction to reign is conceptualized as ‘Military-First Control,’ considered that the Military-First Control is actualized as ‘Military-First Politics’ politically, as ‘Military-First Economic Strategy’ economically, and as ‘Military-First Ideology’ ideologically.
The structure of social control of North Korea before the Arduous March can be summarized to ‘Assignment of all people to social organization’, ‘Socialistic possession and Centralized planned economy.’ However, along with the Arduous March, ‘Organization of soldier council’ collapsed, socialistic possession was maintained but decentralization was introduced for planned economy. The social base of new form having characteristic of autonomy is conceptualized as ‘practical control’ in this thesis, and it sees that it appeared mainly as policy changes of economic field such as introduction of utilitarianism, declaration of new thinking and decentralization of centralized planned economy. ‘Practical control’ is difficult to be explained with RSA/ISA theory of Althusser, however, the judgment of this thesis is that similarity can be found in the ‘pragmatic line’ shown in reform and open policy of China.
For method of social control, this thesis classified into ‘control by persuasion’ and ‘control by force.’ Before the Arduous March, there were ideology culture, utilization of physical stimulation, and food distribution system in ‘control by persuasion’ When comparing the before and after of the Arduous March, ideology culture and application of physical stimulation were intactly executed. Merely, the subject matter of ideology culture is turned to ‘the Spirit of the Arduous March’ and ‘Strong and Prosperous State building’ from principal ideology, and there was a change to expand the range of individual’s right of possession in application of physical stimulation. However, food distribution system experienced a fundamental change. It is because food distribution system was practically abolished by ‘7·1 Economy Management Improvement measure(2002)’ and general market was institutionalized. Indeed, there was a substantial change in ‘Control by force’ after the Arduous March. First of all, discriminative class policy was alleviated partly, and Kim Jung Il’s emphasis of ‘Virtue politics’ or ‘Generous politics’ can be the cases. However, North Korea complicated terror politics which govern society forcefully with engagement of armed military in all private fields starting with open shot to death.
This thesis, in order to support the relevance of concept of ‘Military-First Control,’ analyzed the various policies executed in North Korea, statements of leader, articles and papers of party’s organ such as Rodong shinmun from the aspect of control. In other word, it classified the matters with planned and conservative characteristics to ‘Control Reinforcement’ and matters with decentralization, autonomy characteristics to ‘Control Alleviation.’ In this aspect, this thesis found two crucial policy-related events that are inflection·point of control alleviation and control reinforcement. One is grain monopoly executed since October 1, 2005 and another one is Kim Jong Il’s onset of a disease. According to these, 13 years of Kim Jong Il’s era could be classified into three stages, when considering the degree of social control, and from the result of analysis, this thesis unearthed the fact that it wasn’t ‘100% control reinforcement(force)’ and ‘100% control alleviation(autonomy)’ but both aspects were allocated and paralleled in each stage.
This is directly connected to the circumstance of North Korea which chose the principle of ‘mix’ and ‘combination’ ordinarily whenever determining the strategic line and policy. All political discussions regarding North Korean system have shown the wariness for the possibility of danger to commit ‘radical error’ or ‘rightist misjudgment’ as breaking away from mix and combination principle. From such an aspect, the prospect of South Korean government stating ‘North Korea is heading toward Chinese reform and open’ as North Korea executed ‘7·1 measure’ in 2002 and declared Sinuiju Special Region can be said to be an analysis which failed to identify the meaning of essence of North Korean economy policy, in other word, economical control correctly. Under condition in which ‘strategic line,’ the upper concept, decided ‘independent nation’s economy based on heavy industry,’ any policy changes in lower concept that is ‘economy measure’ cannot be considered to be a change of economical line. Proper comprehension of correlation of ‘strategic line’ and ‘certain economical measure’ can be said not only to provide a key to understand the parallel of control reinforcement and alleviation but also be valid for the prediction of direction of policy of Kim Jong­un’s system in the future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 = 1
• 제1절 연구목적 = 1
• 제2절 연구 범위와 방법 및 구성 = 4
• 제3절 선행연구 검토 = 11
• 제2장 연구의 이론적 배경 = 21
• 제1절 북한체제의 성격과 사회통제 = 21
• 제2절 북한 사회통제에 관한 이론적 접근 = 27
• 1. 사회통제의 개념 = 27
• 2. 사회통제의 이론 = 30
• 3. 사회통제 개념 및 이론의 북한 적용 = 33
• 제3절 분석틀 = 37
• 제3장 고난의 행군 이전 북한의 사회통제 = 42
• 제1절 사회통제 주체로서의 당 = 42
• 1. 노동당의 유일적 영도 = 42
• 2. 중앙당에 의한 조직적 통제 = 51
• 제2절 사회통제를 위한 구조 = 57
• 1. 전 사회의 조직화: 당·국가·근로단체·인민반 = 57
• 2. 사회주의적 소유 및 중앙집권적 계획경제 = 62
• 제3절 사회통제 방식으로서 설득과 강제 = 71
• 1. 설득에 의한 통제 = 73
• 1) 사상교양을 통한 ‘체제 정당성’ 주입 = 73
• 2) ‘물질적 자극’의 활용 = 82
• 3) 식량배급제 = 87
• 2. 강제에 의한 통제 = 92
• 1) 계급 통제 = 92
• 2) 법적 통제 = 97
• 3) 물리적 통제 = 101　
• 제4장 고난의 행군 이후 북한사회의 위기와 사회통제 유형 = 110
• 제1절 고난의 행군의 배경 = 110
• 1. 구조적 배경 = 110
• 1) 사회주의경제제도의 내재적 모순 = 110
• 2) 유일체제에 따른 비효율성 = 114
• 2. ‘빅뱅(Big Bang)적 사건’ 연쇄폭발 = 117
• 1) 사회주의권의 붕괴와 북·중 관계 악화 = 117
• 2) 김일성의 사망과 김정일정권의 등장 = 123
• 제2절 북한의 사회위기 현상과 당국의 대응 = 126
• 1. 고난의 행군과 4대 위기 = 126
• 1) 조직규율과 사상교육의 이완 = 126
• 2) 비사회주의적 현상의 확산 = 130
• 3) 노동의 일탈과 기업소 운영의 주변화 = 135
• 4) 일상 속 저항의 확산 = 139
• 2. 북한 당국의 대응 = 143
• 1) 사상교육 강화 = 143
• 2) 계급정책의 완화 = 146
• 3) 군의 위상 및 역할의 확대 = 149
• 제3절 고난의 행군 이후 사회통제의 시기별 유형 = 152
• 1. 통제와 자율의 균형: 김정일 정권 출범(1998.9)∼양곡전매제 실시(2005.10) 이전 = 153
• 2. 자율에 대한 통제의 우위: 양곡전매제 실시∼종합시장의 농민시장으로의 전환(2009.1) 이전 = 162
• 3. 통제우위의 가속화 : 종합시장의 농민시장으로의 전환∼김정일 사망(2011.12) = 174
• 제5장 북한 사회통제의 변화와 특징 = 186
• 제1절 사회통제의 변화 = 186
• 1. 사회통제 주체 변화 = 186
• 1) 혁명과 건설의 주력군으로 등장한 군: 선군 정치 = 186
• 2) 국방공업의 우선적 발전: 선군 경제 = 192
• 3) 선군정치의 이데올로기화: 선군 사상 = 198
• 2. 사회통제 구조의 변화 = 205
• 1) 실리주의 및 신사고 도입 = 205
• 2) ‘계획경제의 분권화’ 강화 = 218
• 3. 사회통제 방식 변화 = 224
• 1) 설득에 의한 통제 = 224
• 가. 사상교양 방식의 변화 = 224
• 나. 물질적 자극의 강화 = 228
• 다. 종합시장의 제도화 = 232
• 2) 강제에 의한 통제 = 242
• 가. 당·정 엘리트 간 상호 숙청 = 242
• 나. 공포정치의 심화 = 244
• 제2절 사회통제의 특징: ‘선군통제’와 ‘실용통제’의 병행 = 248
• 제6장 결론 = 256
• ■ 참고문헌 = 262
• ■ Abstract = 294