근린효과가 사회적 자본에 미치는 영향 = Influence of neighborhood effect on social capital

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to elucidate neighborhood effect, which is defined as an influence of the physical and social characteristics of neighborhood level on an individual. The reason for considering the influence of neighborhood level apart from individual factor is that change as an approach, based on regional characteristics, can be verified beyond the individual approach of existing poverty policy because human beings are organism under the influence of environment.
Social capital is the somewhat abstract concept and is defined as composing factors like trust, norms, and network. This study sets 4 factors of social capital: trust, reciprocity, collective efficacy, and network based on results of previous studies. Social capital is recognized as a useful resource in association with the recent poverty issue, and various attempts for resolving poverty problem are made based on places rather than people. That is, perspective that social capital can be collective resource, which can solve various problems in impoverished areas, is actively supported by attempts in some areas such as the United States and the UK, and intervention of policy is made in impoverished areas instead of individual-focused approach. However, studies in the field of social welfare in Korea have been confined to the usefulness of social capital and studies on factors influencing social welfare have not been sufficiently conducted. In this regard, this thesis intends to discuss methods to increase social capital in two levels by identifying the influence of individual and neighborhood simultaneously. To achieve the purpose, this study utilizes multi-level model analysis method.
Research results showed differences in the levels of social capitals; trust, reciprocality, collective efficacy, and networks according to regions. Factors that have a positive effect on trust include age, neighborhood relations, regional leadership, and impoverished areas. In addition, perceived disorder in town appeared to have a negative effect on trust. In other words, trust tended to be higher as age was older, neighborhood relations were better, regional leadership was higher, and the region was poorer, while social capital was low as a disorder in town was perceived to be high.
Factors that have a positive effect on reciprocity include age, gender, educational level, household income, and impoverished area. Put simply, reciprocity appeared to be higher as age was higher, educational level was higher especially for women, household income was higher, neighborhood relation was better, and the region was poorer.
Factors that have a positive effect on collective efficacy include age, gender, neighborhood relations, and regional leadership, while factors that have a negative effect on collective efficacy were local infrastructure. Put simply, in the case of women, their relationship with neighbors were good as their age was high, and collective efficacy was high as regional leadership was high. Meanwhile, collective efficacy appeared to be lower as local infrastructure was better.
Factors that have a positive effect on networks include marital status, neighborhood relations, while factors that have a negative effect on networks were gender and impoverished region. That is, the number of networks increased in the case of having spouse and forming good relationships with neighbors. However, in the case of women living in impoverished areas, the number of network decreased.
Results above demonstrate that neighborhood effect due to the characteristics of neighborhood district is seen to some degree. Research results drew implications in policies and practices as follows:
Firstly, diversification is required in the intervention strategies and methods of poverty policy. Existing intervention on poverty problem has been made in the level of an individual or household, but the intervention in the dimension of community is required for solving problems such as impoverished areas and disorder in town.
Secondly, poverty problem in impoverished regions should be solved through the increase of social capital. Since the level of social capital is comparatively weak in impoverished areas, intervention for increasing social capital is needed.
Thirdly, the provision of residential welfare policy, evaluation for neighborhood region, and the development of assessment are needed for preventing centralization of the poor people.
Practical implications are as follows: Firstly, enhancement of neighborhood relations should be the first strategy to intervene for forming social capital. Secondly, awareness about regional leadership should be heightened. That is to say, leader should be discovered within local areas, and decision-making process should be democratic. Thirdly, appropriate infrastructure should be equipped within the region to promote the formation of trust.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구방법 8
• 3. 연구의 범위 및 한계 9
• II. 이론적 배경 12
• 1. 빈곤의 집중화와 근린효과 12
• 2. 사회적 자본의 개념 및 구성요소 20
• 1) 사회적 자본의 개념 21
• 2) 사회적 자본의 구성요소 28
• 3) 사회적 자본의 측정방법 31
• 3. 사회적 자본에 영향을 미치는 요인 42
• 1) 개인 요인 43
• 2) 근린지역 요인 45
• 4. 선행연구 검토 49
• 5. 연구의 틀 55
• III. 조사 설계 57
• 1. 조사대상 및 자료수집 57
• 2. 조사도구 60
• 1) 조사도구의 구성 60
• 2) 설문지 구성과 내용 68
• 3. 분석방법 70
• 1) 자료분석 방법 70
• 2) 자료분석 절차 72
• IV. 조사결과 분석 76
• 1. 조사대상자의 일반적 특성 76
• 2. 주요 변수의 기술통계 80
• 3. 조사지역의 특성 비교 81
• 4. 주요변수에 따른 사회적 자본 83
• 5. 사회적 자본에 영향을 미치는 요인 85
• 1) 신뢰에 대한 모형분석 85
• 2) 규범에 대한 모형분석 93
• 3) 네트워크에 대한 모형분석 106
• V. 논의 및 함의 113
• 1. 논의 113
• 1) 신뢰에 영향을 미치는 요인 113
• 2) 규범에 영향을 미치는 요인 116
• 3) 네트워크에 영향을 미치는 요인 120
• 2. 함의 123
• 1) 정책적 함의 124
• 2) 실천적 함의 126
• VI. 결론 및 제언 130
• 참고문헌 133
• 부록: 설문지 147
• ABSTRACT 160