Traditionally, not only social activities but also artistic endeavors have been defined and evaluated within their given socio-cultural system. It is not always solely by an individual ability but is often rather through particular relationships with ...
Traditionally, not only social activities but also artistic endeavors have been defined and evaluated within their given socio-cultural system. It is not always solely by an individual ability but is often rather through particular relationships with his or her participating art community, an artist’s work is recognized and valued as an art work, and subsequently attracts fame. Today, avant-garde art and contemporary art, even some of which are unfamiliar and recondite to many ordinary people, are given a social recognition, thanks to the existence of an influential art institutional system which legitimizes their artistic values and importance. This system includes not only institutional apparatuses, such as art museums, galleries, educational institutions, art organizations and journalism industry, but also key participating personnel, such as art critics, journalists, curators, museum directors and art dealers, as well as their supporting personnel, such as collectors, philanthropists, capitalist investors and financiers.
Among these elements, art museums and other exhibition spaces in particular, which have been a mediating site for artists and audiences, have become a powerful authority which systematically defines and evaluates contemporary art. With the acceleration of globalisation phenomenon throughout the world, explosively booming biennales have taken over some of traditional functions of art museums and alternative spaces. They have also dominated cultural discourses, after the perceived worldwide crisis of art criticism. Further, they have exerted a considerable influence on art market. This thesis, first, will examine the importance of art museums and biennales with a focus of their institutional aspects. It will then analyse from the point of view of cultural politics how the attributes of these exhibition sites have been altered by ideologies, cultural influences or economic capital of the dominant social class.
For these purposes, Chapter 1 will examine Arthur Danto’s theory of the art world, George Dickie’s institutional theory of art, and other related discussions by Howard Becker and Pierre Bourdieu. Danto and Dickie emphasized the importance of the roles of the conventions, institutions and key figures of the art world in defining a work as an art. Becker’s discussions were more weighed towards the interdependent interactions between major and supportive players in the art world, the collective action of the network of these players, along with the problematic issue of a consensual definition of art. Bourdieu, however, argued that shifts in art are products of struggles within a kind of an autonomous realm, and that the dominant social class with cultural, symbolic and economic capitals, exerted their hegemonic power and influence on this case.
Grounding on my examination of the above theoretical arguments, Chapter 2 will highlight the fact that museums and art galleries which had generally been understood as an educational and enlightening space, have become a political site which reflects the taste of the dominant social class. This was especially true in the case of Europe and America. In particular, it is now well-known that American nationalism in the Cold War era and the roles of institutions like Guggenheim and other modern art museums in New York were powerful operating forces behind the international success of American modernism which exerted worldwide influence in the 20th century.
After the 1960s, there was a moment in which the reevaluation of modernism, the criticism of art museum system and rebellious counter-cultures spread widely in a manner of‘vanguard’ (in its true sense of the word). I will examine how during the late 1960s and the 1970s, Conceptual art and site-specific art, and their institutional critiques brought changes and innovations to the exhibition methods in which art work has been presented.
In Chapter 3 which will deal with a number of the key arguments of this thesis, I will analyse how biennales could become the most influential exhibition space and a site producing cultural discourses of the 21st century, taking over the roles of art museums, alternative spaces and art criticism. Biennales which emphasize changes and innovations have become a site in which vanguard curators and artists compete with each other for the recognition of their meaningful differences. They have also become a strategic site for searching for the future of contemporary art. Through a critique of the worldwide boom of biennales which have become the host city’s marketing tool for cultural products under neo-liberalism, I will examine a phenomenon, in which certain influential international curators and exhibition organisers have become a powerful elite group through these biennales. I will also point out the still Western-centered structure of these biennales and the cultural hegemony of this elite group, which are evident in their influences on non-Western regions and art market.
Finally, I will analyse Gwangju Biennale, which has attracted international attention, as a case study. My analysis will reveal the fact that Gwangju Biennale was born under the complex Korean political, social and cultural circumstances, such as democratization, the implementation of the local self-governing system, the issues of regional disparities and marginalization, economic growth and the nation’s entry into a full-blown, capitalist consumer society. The Biennale’s influences on Korean society will also be examined. Through an analysis of the last eight expositions of the Gwangju as an example of non-Western biennales, I will examine the issues of globalism, localism, cultural identity and differences from a post-colonial point of view. Through this examination, I will highlight the geopolitical role and significances of the Gwangju Biennale.
Through the above examinations, this thesis will point out how modernist art and avant-garde art have acquired prestige and at the same time have become institutionalized through the systems of art museums and biennales. In this, a hegemonic phenomenon of the dominant culture will be revealed. Further, the thesis will criticize the homogenization of non-Western biennales caused by the hegemonic monopoly of globe-trotting Western curators in biennales whose worldwide expansion is riding on the globalisation wave. It will also point out how avant-garde art practices seeking innovation and change have become institutionalized and a commodity by the culturally dominant sections of society, such as exhibition organisers, collectors and sponsors, as well as art market and cultural capital. It is, therefore, necessary to critically examine contemporary art and exhibition systems, which are increasingly dictated by the rationale of neo-liberalism, along with the globalization of finance, trade and services.