This paper studies the relationship between Liberal party of the South Korea and political gangs in the 1950s. Political gangs, which could be characterized as social phenomena of South Korean society in the 1950s, means the illegally organized crimin...
This paper studies the relationship between Liberal party of the South Korea and political gangs in the 1950s. Political gangs, which could be characterized as social phenomena of South Korean society in the 1950s, means the illegally organized criminal gangs which formed symbiotic relationship with political power and committed political terrorism against groups critical of the Rhee regime. My argument centers on the Dongdaemoon Sijangpa (gangster group in Dongdaemoon market) which was a typical thug group in Seoul. Its leader was Lee Chong-chae.
The attributes of gangs include the following characteristics: they were violent; they had strong inside control; they pursued illegal activities for profit. There couldn't be found the groups which equipped with financial means and control system to be enough for gangs in Korea before the Korean War.
The atmosphere and the condition for the creation of political thug groups was created after Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule in 1945. Firstly, the leading groups of organized criminal gangs had their origins in the actions of the rightist youth organizations after Korean liberation. They formed organized criminal gangs on the basis of their experiences and personal connections with youth organizations in their hometown. Secondly, the destruction of industry and standard of living because of the Korean War and the corruption of the South Korean government helped prepare the conditions for the organized criminal gangs to develop close relationships with the political power groups.
Since the so-called Busan Political Upheaval, the Liberal party made itself into the ruling party for the Rhee Syngman regime. However, it had serious internal conflict inside it as there were few fractions like National Youth Society group in the Liberal Party. Rhee Syngman was afraid that another independent political party could develop because of the conflict in the Liberal Party. He put up Lee Geeboong who didn't have strong enough support to hold leadership in the Liberal Party. Rhee gave much support and help by extending substantial support to Lee Geeboong to gain the No. 2 leadership spot in the Liberal Party.
Lee Geeboong cooperated with Lee Chong-chae, who was the head of Dongdaemoon Sijangpa, to take the leadership of the Liberal Party. Lee Chong-chae helped Lee Geeboong to grasp the leadership in this area where Rhee Syngman didn’t have control. Lee Chong-chae used violence to overpower the political competitors of Lee Geeboong. As the terrors committed by Lee Chong-chae's organization were very successful, the relationship between Lee Chong-chae and Lee Geeboong became close.
Lee Chong-chae committed the political violence with his follower Yoo ji-gwang and his action group against the opponent party and groups against the Rhee regime. As a result of his actions, Lee Chong-chae gained greater and greater power. Lee Chong-chae's organization gained most areas of Seoul after it succeeded in interfering with the Jangchoongdan rally held by the Committee for Protection of People's Sovereignty, the union of the opponent party, in May of 1957. Lee Chong-chae then renamed his organization as ‘Hwarangdongjihoe’.
Lee Chong-chae also prepared to run for the National Assembly in his home town in Yichon county. However his political ambition for the National Assembly was in vain because he lost his local constituencies by Lee Geeboong in the 4th election of the Assemblymen in 1958. Lee Geeboong took the new leader of political hoodlums Yim Hwasoo, an ex-follower of Lee Chong-chae.
The ruling party and the regime organized the Korean Anticommunism Youth Society. This was the mass gang used throughout the whole nation including Hwarangdongjihoe in readiness for the March 15th presidential election in 1960.
The president of the Korean Anticommunism Youth Society was Shin dohwan who was an Assemblyman belonging to the Liberal Party. The Korean Anticommunism Youth Society was involved with the March 15th rigged election. In addition, it attacked the demonstrators from Goryeo university on April 18, 1960.
The political gangs began to collapse as the Liberal party and its regime were smashed because of April Revolution in 1960. Right after the Revolution, the military regime which seized power with May 16th coup in 1961 mopped up the gangs throughout the whole country. Thereafter, the symbiotic relationship between the ruling party and violence which the political hoodlums had represented was reorganized into a monopolized structure led by the military regime.