복잡계 과학을 통한 이슈리더십 이론의 실증연구 = (An) empirical study of the issue leadership theory through the complex systems science

국문 초록 (Abstract)

기존 리더십 개념들은 확실성 가정에 토대를 두고 있다. 그러나 현실은 불확실성이 지배하고 있다. 그렇다면 불확실성이 지배하는 복잡계 상황에서 조직은 어떻게 대응해야 할 것인가? 본 연구는 이에 대한 해답을 “이슈 리더십”에서 찾고, 그 이슈 리더십 이론을 복잡계 관점에서 해석하고, 복잡계의 실증방법론인 사회적 네트워크 분석 방법을 통하여 실증 연구하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
백기복(2002)은 “역동적 집단 상황에서 새로운 리더가 출현한다”는 강력한 가정 하에, 이슈를 매개로 한 리더십 행위이론을 제시하고 있다. 즉 이슈리더십을 “이슈를 창안하고, 오디언스를 참여시키며, 이슈를 실행함으로써 오디언스를 안내하는 프로세스“라고 정의하면서, 사회적 상호작용의 결과로서 리더가 출현한다고 제시하고 있다. 이슈를 매개로 이슈 리더와 청중의 상호작용을 강조하고 있는 것이다.
그럼에도 불구하고, 그 동안의 이슈 리더십에 대한 실증연구가 불확실한 긴장 상황이 이슈 리더십과 청중 형성에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지, 이슈 리더십과 청중 형성 간에는 어떤 관계가 있는 지, 그리고 어떠한 인과관계를 가지고 집단 지성으로서의 사회적 자본 창출에 영향을 미치는 지에 대한 연구가 없었다.
복잡계 과학의 관점에서 이슈 리더십을 해석하기 위하여, 그 이론적 토대가 되는 사회적 인지이론, 리더-구성원 교환이론, 조직 진화이론, 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 이론, 그리고 사회적 네트워크 이론 등을 검토하였다.
복잡계 관점에서 본 이슈 리더십은, 불확실한 상황에서는 다양한 긴장요인(즉, 이슈)이 제기되고, 그 긴장요인을 해소하기 위해 청중(집단)과 이슈 리더가 출현하며, 이들의 상호작용을 통하여 집단지성으로서의 사회적 자본을 창출한다는 것이다. 즉 이슈 리더십의 프로세스와 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 프로세스가 유사한 개념과 절차로 진행된다는 점이다.
이를 토대로 설정한 연구모델은 독립변수로 적응적 긴장 요인인 “조직적 긴장, 과업 복잡성, 집단 내 갈등”을 두었고, 매개요인으로서 비선형 상호작용 요인인 “청중(집단)과 이슈 리더의 상호작용”으로 설정했으며, 리더십의 성과 변수로 “학습과 적응성과”를 제시했다. 복잡계 과학의 관점에서 이슈 리더십의 매개모델을 연구모델로 설정한 것이다.
실증연구에 필요한 자료는 적응적 긴장 요인(조직적 긴장, 과업 복잡성, 그리고 집단 내 갈등)과 이슈 리더십 행위, 그리고 학습과 적응성과에 대한 특성 변수자료와 개인별 네트워크 자료를 수집했다. 조사 대상 조직은 네트워크 조사 응답률 80% 이상인 3개 기업, 즉 제조업의 대기업과 중소기업, 서비스업의 중소기업의 사무 관리직 전체를 대상으로 177명의 자료를 확보하였다.
연구모델에 대한 분석 방법은 위계적 다중회귀 분석, Baron & Kenny의 3단계 다중 매개회귀분석, 네트워크 분석방법 중 집단 응집성 분석과 집단 중심성 분석을 실시하였다.
연구결과, “이슈 리더십의 동력은 긴장이고, 이슈 리더십의 원천은 청중이며, 긴장은 이슈 리더십과 집단의 상호작용을 통하여 학습과 적응성과에 영향을 미친다“라는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 같은 결과는 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 이론이 ”사회적 인간 시스템(human social system)을 전제로 한다”는 점에서 서로 부합한다고 할 수 있다.
본 연구결과로부터 얻은 실무적 시사점은, 이슈 리더십이 자기 조직화 프로세스를 통하여 발휘되기 때문에 이슈 리더십과 청중은 조직의 초능력으로 활용할 수 있다는 것이다.
본 연구의 한계는 동일방법 오류의 문제가 여전히 남는다는 점이며, 네트워크 조사의 특성 상 실증 자료 확보의 한계를 들 수 있다. 그리고 향후 연구 방향은 이슈 리더의 출현적 속성상 횡단적 연구보다는 종단적 연구가 필요하며, 이슈 리더십의 선행변수와 종속변수에 대한 연구, 시나리오 접근방법과 실험 연구방법 등을 활용한 다양한 실증연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론 1
• 제 1 절 연구목적 1
• 제 2 절 이슈 리더십 이론의 연구결과와 과제 3
• 제 3 절 연구방법 및 범위 8
• 제 2 장 이론적 배경 11
• 제 1 절 개요 11
• 제 2 절 사회적 인지이론 13
• 제 3 절 리더-구성원 교환이론 20
• 제 4 절 조직진화이론 28
• 제 5 절 사회적 네트워크 이론 35
• 제 6 절 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화이론 43
• 제 7 절 이론적 배경의 요약 및 이슈리더십 이론 50
• 제 3 장 이슈리더십 이론의 해석 56
• 제 1 절 개요 56
• 제 2 절 복잡계 관점의 이슈 리더십 이론 해석 59
• 제 4 장 연구모델 71
• 제 1 절 연구모델 71
• 제 2 절 가설설정 74
• 제 5 장 연구방법 88
• 제 1 절 자료수집 88
• 제 2 절 측정도구 91
• 제 6 장 연구결과 97
• 제 1 절 타당성과 신뢰도 검증 97
• 제 2 절 가설검증 103
• 제 7 장 토의 및 결론 126
• 제 1 절 연구결과 토의 127
• 제 2 절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향 137
• 참고문헌 142
• Abstract 167
• 감사의 글 170
• 부록 : 설문조사서 171

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