복잡계 과학을 통한 이슈리더십 이론의 실증연구 = (An) empirical study of the issue leadership theory through the complex systems science

국문 초록 (Abstract)

기존 리더십 개념들은 확실성 가정에 토대를 두고 있다. 그러나 현실은 불확실성이 지배하고 있다. 그렇다면 불확실성이 지배하는 복잡계 상황에서 조직은 어떻게 대응해야 할 것인가? 본 연구는 이에 대한 해답을 “이슈 리더십”에서 찾고, 그 이슈 리더십 이론을 복잡계 관점에서 해석하고, 복잡계의 실증방법론인 사회적 네트워크 분석 방법을 통하여 실증 연구하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
백기복(2002)은 “역동적 집단 상황에서 새로운 리더가 출현한다”는 강력한 가정 하에, 이슈를 매개로 한 리더십 행위이론을 제시하고 있다. 즉 이슈리더십을 “이슈를 창안하고, 오디언스를 참여시키며, 이슈를 실행함으로써 오디언스를 안내하는 프로세스“라고 정의하면서, 사회적 상호작용의 결과로서 리더가 출현한다고 제시하고 있다. 이슈를 매개로 이슈 리더와 청중의 상호작용을 강조하고 있는 것이다.
그럼에도 불구하고, 그 동안의 이슈 리더십에 대한 실증연구가 불확실한 긴장 상황이 이슈 리더십과 청중 형성에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지, 이슈 리더십과 청중 형성 간에는 어떤 관계가 있는 지, 그리고 어떠한 인과관계를 가지고 집단 지성으로서의 사회적 자본 창출에 영향을 미치는 지에 대한 연구가 없었다.
복잡계 과학의 관점에서 이슈 리더십을 해석하기 위하여, 그 이론적 토대가 되는 사회적 인지이론, 리더-구성원 교환이론, 조직 진화이론, 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 이론, 그리고 사회적 네트워크 이론 등을 검토하였다.
복잡계 관점에서 본 이슈 리더십은, 불확실한 상황에서는 다양한 긴장요인(즉, 이슈)이 제기되고, 그 긴장요인을 해소하기 위해 청중(집단)과 이슈 리더가 출현하며, 이들의 상호작용을 통하여 집단지성으로서의 사회적 자본을 창출한다는 것이다. 즉 이슈 리더십의 프로세스와 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 프로세스가 유사한 개념과 절차로 진행된다는 점이다.
이를 토대로 설정한 연구모델은 독립변수로 적응적 긴장 요인인 “조직적 긴장, 과업 복잡성, 집단 내 갈등”을 두었고, 매개요인으로서 비선형 상호작용 요인인 “청중(집단)과 이슈 리더의 상호작용”으로 설정했으며, 리더십의 성과 변수로 “학습과 적응성과”를 제시했다. 복잡계 과학의 관점에서 이슈 리더십의 매개모델을 연구모델로 설정한 것이다.
실증연구에 필요한 자료는 적응적 긴장 요인(조직적 긴장, 과업 복잡성, 그리고 집단 내 갈등)과 이슈 리더십 행위, 그리고 학습과 적응성과에 대한 특성 변수자료와 개인별 네트워크 자료를 수집했다. 조사 대상 조직은 네트워크 조사 응답률 80% 이상인 3개 기업, 즉 제조업의 대기업과 중소기업, 서비스업의 중소기업의 사무 관리직 전체를 대상으로 177명의 자료를 확보하였다.
연구모델에 대한 분석 방법은 위계적 다중회귀 분석, Baron & Kenny의 3단계 다중 매개회귀분석, 네트워크 분석방법 중 집단 응집성 분석과 집단 중심성 분석을 실시하였다.
연구결과, “이슈 리더십의 동력은 긴장이고, 이슈 리더십의 원천은 청중이며, 긴장은 이슈 리더십과 집단의 상호작용을 통하여 학습과 적응성과에 영향을 미친다“라는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 같은 결과는 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화 이론이 ”사회적 인간 시스템(human social system)을 전제로 한다”는 점에서 서로 부합한다고 할 수 있다.
본 연구결과로부터 얻은 실무적 시사점은, 이슈 리더십이 자기 조직화 프로세스를 통하여 발휘되기 때문에 이슈 리더십과 청중은 조직의 초능력으로 활용할 수 있다는 것이다.
본 연구의 한계는 동일방법 오류의 문제가 여전히 남는다는 점이며, 네트워크 조사의 특성 상 실증 자료 확보의 한계를 들 수 있다. 그리고 향후 연구 방향은 이슈 리더의 출현적 속성상 횡단적 연구보다는 종단적 연구가 필요하며, 이슈 리더십의 선행변수와 종속변수에 대한 연구, 시나리오 접근방법과 실험 연구방법 등을 활용한 다양한 실증연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론 1
• 제 1 절 연구목적 1
• 제 2 절 이슈 리더십 이론의 연구결과와 과제 3
• 제 3 절 연구방법 및 범위 8
• 제 2 장 이론적 배경 11
• 제 1 절 개요 11
• 제 2 절 사회적 인지이론 13
• 제 3 절 리더-구성원 교환이론 20
• 제 4 절 조직진화이론 28
• 제 5 절 사회적 네트워크 이론 35
• 제 6 절 복잡계 과학의 자기 조직화이론 43
• 제 7 절 이론적 배경의 요약 및 이슈리더십 이론 50
• 제 3 장 이슈리더십 이론의 해석 56
• 제 1 절 개요 56
• 제 2 절 복잡계 관점의 이슈 리더십 이론 해석 59
• 제 4 장 연구모델 71
• 제 1 절 연구모델 71
• 제 2 절 가설설정 74
• 제 5 장 연구방법 88
• 제 1 절 자료수집 88
• 제 2 절 측정도구 91
• 제 6 장 연구결과 97
• 제 1 절 타당성과 신뢰도 검증 97
• 제 2 절 가설검증 103
• 제 7 장 토의 및 결론 126
• 제 1 절 연구결과 토의 127
• 제 2 절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향 137
• 참고문헌 142
• Abstract 167
• 감사의 글 170
• 부록 : 설문조사서 171

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Managing chaos, Stacey, , 1992

2. Value migration, Slywotzky, , 1996

3. The Social system, Pasrsons, , 1951

4. CompetitiveAdvantage, Porters, Competitive advantage, , 1985

5. Exploring complexity, Nicolis, Prigogine, , 1989

6. Managing on the edge, Pascale, , 1991

7. The quark & the jaguar, Gell-Mann, , 1994

8. Human Capital (2nd ed.), Becker, Becker, G., , 1975

9. Organizations in action, Tompson, , 1967

10. Self-organized networks, Wheatley, , 2008

11. The Knowledge Advantage, Dan Holtshouse, Rudy Ruggles, , 1999

12. 사회 연결망 분석, 김용학, 博英社, , 2003

13. 사회 연결망 이론, 김용학, 博英社, 사회연결망이론, , 2003

14. Competing for the future, Hamel, Gary, Harvard Business School Press, , 1994

15. Organizations unfettered, McGrath, Child, , 2001

16. The romanceof leadership, Meindl, Dukerich, Ehrlich, , 1985

17. Choices, values, & frames, Kahn eman, Tversky, "Choices, , 1984

18. The philosophy of the act, Mead, George Herbert, The University of Chicago press, , 1938

19. The strength of weak ties, Granovetter, , 1973

20. The resolution of conflict, Deutsch,M., , 1973

21. The bureaucratic phenomenon, Crozier, , 1964

22. Chaos theory & organizations, Thietart, Forgues, , 1995

23. Sensemaking in organizations, Weick, Karl E, Sage Publications, , 1995

24. Modern factor analysis (3rd.), Harman, , 1976

25. What we know about leadership, Hohan, Kaiser, , 2004

26. An introduction to cybernetics, Ashby, William Ross, J. Wiley, , 1956

27. Leadership and decision-making, Vroom, Victor Harold, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Leadership and decision-making, , 1973

28. Leadership without easy answer, Heifetz, , 1994

29. Adaptation on rugged landscapes, Levinthal, , 1997

30. The Functions of social conflict, Coser, Lewis A., Free, , 1956

31. Social networks and organizations, Kilduff, Martin, SAGE, , 2003

32. Leadership in complexorganizations, Uhl-Bien, Marion, , 2001

33. Network measures of social capital, Borgatti, Jones.C, , 1998

34. Quasi-natural organization science, McKelvey, , 1997

35. Anatomy of Issue Leaders' Behaviors, PH.D., Baik, Ki Bok, 韓國人事管理學會, , 2002

36. 이슈 리더십의 3P 증진방안, 백기복, , 2006

37. Conflict: Productive and destructive, Deutsch, , 1969

38. Leadership in Organizations (6th Ed), Yukl, , 2006

39. Managing issues & influencing public, Crable, Vibbert, , 1985

40. Of strategies, deliberate & emergent, Waters, Mintzberg, "Of strategies, , 1985

41. 한국형 리더십 이론의 모색, 백기복, , 1996

42. Strategy as order emerging from chaos, Stacey.R, , 1993

43. Systematicbiases in social perception, Romney, Kumbasar, Batchelder, , 1994

44. The contingent value of social capital, Burt, , 1997

45. The role of the situation inleadership, Jago, Vroom, , 2007

46. Leadership for change in complex system, Minas, , 2005

47. The isolated individual and the dyad. T, Simmel, , 1950

48. Complexity theory & organization science, Anderson, , 1999

49. Context effects in leadership perception, Emrich, , 1999

50. On the validity of theVroom/Yetton model, Jago, Vroom, , 1978

51. Principles of the self-organizing system, Ashby, , 2004

52. Leadership in the fourstages of emergence, McKelvey, Lichtenstein, , 2007

53. Non-linear science and the laws of nature, Prigogine, , 1997

54. A Garbage Can Model of Organization Choice, J.P.Olsen, Michael D.Cohen, , 1972

55. Non-linear dynamics & leadership emergence, Guastello.S.J, , 2007

56. Toward an attention-based view of the firm, Ocasio, , 1997

57. Leadership development: A review in context, Day, , 2000

58. Modularity & community structure innetworks, Newman, , 2006

59. Organizational Conflict Concepts and Models, Pondy, , 1967

60. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis, Gronn, , 2002

61. Emergent leaders as managers of groupemotion, Pescosolido, , 2002

62. Organizational analysis: A sociological view, Perrow, , 1970

63. Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory, J.H.Miller, Holland, , 1991

64. Complexity in organizations: A paradigm shift, Marion.R, , 2006

65. Loosely coupled systems: Areconceptualization, Weick, Orton, , 1990

66. The Social Psychology of Organizing.(2nd ed.), Weick, , 1979

67. A network effectsmodel of charisma attributions, Mayo, Pastor, Meindl, , 2002

68. Birds of afeather: Homophily in social networks, McPherson, Cook, Smith-Lovin, , 2001

69. Hidden order : how adaptation builds complexity, Holland, John H., Addison-Wesley, , 1995

70. Social Capital,Income Inequality, and Mortality, Kawachi, Prothrow-Stith, Lochner, Bruce, "Social capital, , 1997

71. Towardunderstanding strategic issue diagnostics, Narayaman, Dutton, Fathey, , 1983

72. Firm resources & sustained competitive advantage, Barney, , 1991

73. Finding community structurein very large networks, Newman, Moore, Clauset, , 2004

74. The social capital oftwenty-first century leaders, Krackhardt, Brass, , 1999

75. The structureof 'unstructured' decision processes, Raisinghani, Theoret, Mintzberg, , 1976

76. 리더십‘97 :이슈 중심의 리더십 행동, 백기복, , 1998

77. A pattern approach to the studyof leader emergence, Smith, Foti, , 1998

78. Competing on the edge:Strategy as structured chaos, Brown, Eisenhardt, , 1998

79. Judgment under uncertainty : heuristics and biases, Kahneman, Daniel, Cambridge University Press, , 1982

80. Social network analysis : methods and applications, Wasserman, Stanley, Cambridge University Press, Social network analysis: Methodsand applications, , 1994

81. Structural change and learning withinorganizations, Carley, Hill, , 2001

82. Self-monitors in conversation: What do they monitor?, Purvis, Dabbs, Hopper, Evans, , 1980

83. The role of leadership in emergent,self-organization, Plowman, "The role of leadership in emergent, , 2007

84. Emergent leadership in the groupgoal- setting process, De Souza, Klein, , 1995

85. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Burt.R.S, , 1992

86. The deep blue sea: Rethinking the source ofleadership, Drath, , 2001

87. Autogenesis: A perspective on theprocess of organizing, Sandelands, Drazin, , 1992

88. Social structure in leader-member exchange interaction, ler, Fairhurst, , 1993

89. Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification, Freeman, "Centrality in social networks, , 1979

90. Organizational constraints on personalnetwork formation, Popielarz, , 1999

91. Sensemaking & sensegiving instrategic change initiation, Chittipeddi, Gioia, , 1991

92. Toward a model of organizations asinterpretation system, Daft, Wick, , 1984

93. 이슈리더십 측정도구 개발과 타당성 분석, 백기복, , 2004

94. A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organization, Perrow, , 1967

95. Cultural differencesin innovation championing strategies, MacMillan, Shane, Venkataraman, , 1995

96. Determinants of coordination modes with in organizations, Van de ven, Koening, , 1976

97. Leader-member agreement: A vertical dyad linkage approach, Schiemann, Graen, , 1978

98. Measuring social capitalwithin health surveys; key issues, Grant, Thomas, Harpham, , 2002

99. Shared leadershipin work teams: A social network approach, Pastor, Meindl, Mayo, , 2003

100. Structural Holes versus Network Closure as Social Capital, Burt.R.S, , 2001

101. 이슈 리더십 측정도구 개발 및 타당성 검증, 신명용, , 2005

102. How nature works: The science of self-organized critically, Bak, , 1996

103. The ties that lead: A socialnetwork approach to leadership, Balkundi, Balkundi, P., Kilduff, , 2006

104. Complexity and management: Movingfrom fad to firm foundations, Maguire, McKelvey.B, , 1999

105. How the leopard changed its spots: The evolutionof complexity, Goodwin, , 1994

106. Shared leadership : reframing the hows and whys of leadership, Pearce, Craig L, Sage Publications, , 2003

107. Social Capital: Its origins & applications inmodern sociology, Portes, , 1998

108. Social Networks and the Performance of Individuals and Groups, M.L.Kraimer, R.C.Liden, Sparrowe, , 2001

109. The ties that torture: Simmelian tie analysisin organizations, Krackhardt, , 1999

110. 리더십‘96- Audience effect 청중효과를 중심으로-, 백기복, , 1997

111. 이슈리더십과 성과간의 관계에 관한 실증연구, 이재희, 國民大學校 大學院, 국민대대학원 박사학위논문, , 2006

112. Complexity theory for organizations &organizational leadership, Marion, , 2008

113. Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms, Ingram, Argot, , 2000

114. Sex, task,and behavioral flexibility on leadership perceptions, Workman, Hall, Marchioro, "Sex, , 1998

115. 이슈리더십 스타일과 심리적 변수들 간의 관계, 백기복, 국민대학교 경영연구소, "「북악경영연구」(국민대학교), , 2000

116. Eigenvector-like measures ofcentrality for asymmetric relations, Lloyd, Bonacich, , 2001

117. Levels issues intheory development, data collection and analysis, Hall, Dansereau, Klein, "Levels issues intheory development, , 1994

118. Social foundations of thought & action: A socialcognitive theory, Bandura, , 1986

119. Who shall survive? Foundations of sociometry,group psychotherapy, Moreno, "Who shall survive? Foundations of sociometry, , 1953

120. 이슈 리더십, 임파워먼트 및 조직 성과와의 관계, 신영숙 ( Young Sook Shin ), 백유성 ( You Sung Baek ), 한국경영학회, "이슈리더십, , 2007

121. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks, Ghoshal, Tsai, , 1998

122. Dispelling the myths aboutleadership-from cybernetics to emergence, Plowman, Duchon, , 2008

123. Economic Action and Social Structure : The Problem of Embed Dedness, Tiffin, McCormick, , 1985

124. The origins of order : self-organization and selection in evolution, Kauffman, Stuart A, Oxford University Press, , 1993

125. The constitution of society : outline of the theory of structuration, Giddens, Anthony, University of California Press, , 1984

126. Organizational learning: Creating, retaining, &transferring knowledge, Argote, "Organizational learning: Creating, , 1999

127. Collective mind inorganizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks, Roberts, Weick, , 1993

128. Leadership emergence inautonomous work teams: Antecedents and outcomes, Saha, Hackett, Taggar, , 1999

129. Organizational design: The organizationalaudit and analysis technology, Mackenzie, , 1986

130. The ambidextrous organization: Designing dualstructures for innovation, Duncan, , 1976

131. Friendship patterns andculture: The control of organizational diversity, Krackhardt, Kilduff, , 1990

132. Applied multiple regression &correlation analysis for behavioral science, Cohn, Cohen, , 1983

133. Finding community structure in networksusing the eigenvectors of matrices, Newman, , 2006

134. StructuralBasesofInterpersonalInfluencein Groups:A LongitudinalCase Study, Friedkin, Structural bases of interpersonal influencein groups: A longitudinal case study, , 1993

135. Network and complexity theories: Acomparison and prospects for a synthesis, Mor??l, Wachhaus.A, , 2009

136. Radical change accidentally: Theemergence and amplification of small change, SPlowman, Travis, , 2007

137. Self-organized transitions: A patternamid the chaos of transformative change, Lichtenstein, , 2000

138. The network structure of social capital. In R. I.Sutton, & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Burt, "The network structure of social capital. In R. I.Sutton, , 2000

139. Use of simultaneousverbal protocols in analysis of group leaders' cognitions, Comforth, Joplin, Wofford, , 1996

140. Micro-strategy from macro-leadership:Distributed intelligence via new science, McKelvey, , 2000

141. Promoting strategic change:playmaker roles in organizational agenda formation, Pitt, McAulay, Sims.D, , 2002

142. Selfleadership& performance outcomes: The mediating influence ofself-efficacy, Manz, Prussia, Anderson, , 1998

143. Simple rules for improving corporate IQ: Basiclessons from complexity science, McKelvey, , 2001

144. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments ofintragroup conflict, Jehn Karen, , 1995

145. Effects of communication networkstructure: Components of positional centrality, Mullen, Salas, , 1991

146. Images of the familiar: Individual differences andimplicit leadership theories, Keller, , 1999

147. The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms' Competitive Moves, Cho, Hambrick, Chen, , 1996

148. Corporate entrepreneurship & strategicmanagement: Insights from a process study, Burgelman, , 1983

149. The antecendents,consequences, & mediating role of organizational ambidexterity, Birkinshaw, Gibson, "The antecendents, , 2004

150. Transferring R&D knowledge:The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success, Teng, Cummings, , 2003

151. The development of social network analysis : a study in the sociology of science, Freeman, Linton C, Empirical Press, The development of social network analysis: Astudy in the sociology of science, , 2004

152. The science of complexity: An alternativeperspective for strategic change process, Stacey, , 1995

153. A cognitive interpretationof transactional and transformational leadership theories, Wofford, Goodwin, , 1994

154. At home in the universe: the search for thelaws of self-organization and complexity, Kauffman, , 1995

155. Multi-level information-processingexplanations of followers’leadership perceptions, Lord, Hall, , 1995

156. The creation of momentum for change through the process of strategic Issue diagnosis, R.Duncan, Dutton, , 1987

157. Leadership and the new science : learning about organization from an orderly universe, Wheatley, Margaret, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, , 1994

158. Organizational learning:From world-class theories to global best practices, Boca Raton:, Marquardt, Schwandt, "Organizational learning:From world-class theories to global best practices, , 2000

159. Relational leadership theory: Exploring thesocial processes of leadership and organizing, Uhl-Bien, , 2006

160. The romance of leadership as a follower-centrictheory: A social constructionist approach, Meindl, , 1995

161. Being in the right place: A structural analysisof individual influence in an organization, Brass, , 1984

162. Decision making as a socialprocess: Normative and descriptive model of leadershipbehavior, Jago, Vroom, , 1974

163. Avoiding complexity catastrophe incoevolutionary pockets: strategies for rugged landscapes, McKelvey, , 1999

164. Complexity leadershipTheory; Shifting leadership from the industrial age to theknowledge era, Uhl-Bien, McKelvey.B, Marion, , 2007

165. Organizational emergence:The origin & transformation of Branson, Missouri's musical theaters, Chiles, Hench, Meyer, "Organizational emergence:The origin & transformation of Branson, , 2004

166. Leadership & the choice oforder: Complexity & hierarchical perspectives near the edge ofchaos, Osborn, Hunt, , 2007

167. Linking Organizational Context and Managerial Action: The Dimensions of Quality of Management, Ghoshal, Christopher A.Batlett, , 1994

168. Toward a theory of individual differencesand leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead, Chan, Drasgow, , 2001

169. Complexity leadership theory: Aninteractive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems, Lichtenstein, , 2006

170. The hidden power of social networks : understanding how work really gets done in organizations, Cross, Robert L., Harvard Business School Press, , 2004

171. The dynamic nature of conflict: Alongitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance, Jehn, Mannix, , 2001

172. Empirical study on the influence of socialcapital to informal knowledge transfer among individuals, Zhu, , 2009

173. Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theo-ry, research and managerial applications (3rd ed.), Bass, "Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theo-ry, , 1990

174. Champions of change:Identifying, understanding, and supporting champions oftechnological innovation, Howell, Higgins, "Champions of change:Identifying, , 1990

175. Aninformation-processing perspective on leadership and culture: Acase for connectionist architecture, Dickson, Lord, Hanges, , 2000

176. Complexity & Leadership. In M. R. Lissack (Ed),The Interaction of Complexity & Management, pp. 85-90, McKelvey, "Complexity & Leadership. In M. R. Lissack (Ed), , 2002

177. Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship, Corinne, Karen, , 2003

178. Commonmethod biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature andrecommended remedies, Podsakoff, , 2003

179. Implicit leadership theory as adeterminant of the factor structure underlying supervisorybehavior scales, Leviatan, Eden, , 1975

180. Network centrality, power, and innovation involvement: Determinants of technical and administrative roles, Ibarra, "Network centrality, , 1993

181. Complexity in human terms. In MichaelR. Lissack(Ed.), The Interaction of Complexity & Management:pp. 21-42, Regine, Lewin, "Complexity in human terms. In MichaelR. Lissack(Ed.), , 2002

182. Organizational learning &communities-of- practice: Toward a unified view of working,learning, & innovation, Duguid, Brown, "Organizational learning &communities-of- practice: Toward a unified view of working, , 1991

183. Relationsbetween work group characteristics & effectiveness:Implications for designing effective work group, Medsker, Higgs, Campion, , 1993

184. Thinking outside the box by lookinginside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadershipresearch, Emrich, Lord, , 2000

185. A test ofleadership categorization theory: Internal structure,information processing, and leadership perceptions, Lord, De Vader, Foti, "A test ofleadership categorization theory: Internal structure, , 1984

186. Self-management and team-makingin cross-functional work teams: Discovering the keys tobecoming an integrated team, Uhl-Bien, Graen, , 1992

187. 리더십2001: 이슈리더십의 조절효과 검증. 「북악경영연구」(국민대학교), 제8호: 335-351, 백기복, "리더십2001: 이슈리더십의 조절효과 검증. 「북악경영연구」(국민대학교), , 2002

188. Managing professionalintellect: Making the most of the best. In S. L. P.Quintas & T. Ray (Eds.), Managing knowledge:, Anderson, Finkelstein, Quinn, "Managing professionalintellect: Making the most of the best. In S. L. P.Quintas & T. Ray (Eds.), , 2002

189. A rugged landscape model for self-organization and emergentleadership in creative problem solving and production groups, Guastello, Bock, Zygowicz, , 2005

190. Emergent leadership behaviors: Thefunction of personality & cognitive ability in determiningteamwork performance & KSAs, Kickul, Neuman, , 2000

191. Kerr and Jermier'ssubstitutes for leadership model: Background, empiricalassessment, and suggestions for future research, Mackenzie, Podsakoff, "Kerr and Jermier'ssubstitutes for leadership model: Background, , 1997

192. The Organizational tensionbetween static and dynamic efficiency: Special issue:Organizations, decision making & strategy, Costa, Ghemawat, "The Organizational tensionbetween static and dynamic efficiency: Special issue:Organizations, , 1993

193. Toward a psychology of dyadicorganizing. In B. Staw 8c L.L. Cumming (Eds.), Research inorganizational behavior, 9: 175-208, Graen, Scandura, "Toward a psychology of dyadicorganizing. In B. Staw 8c L.L. Cumming (Eds.), , 1987

194. Network leadership. In MaryUhl-Bien & Russ Marion (Eds.), Complexity leadership, Part I:Conceptual foundations, pp. 291-331, Carley, Schreiber, "Network leadership. In MaryUhl-Bien & Russ Marion (Eds.), , 2008

195. 우리나라 공무원 중간관리자의 뉴 리더십 확보방안: 이슈리더십과 전략적 리더십을 중심으로, 윤종설, 한국조직학회, , 2007

196. Applying Weick's Model of Organizing to HealthCare and Health Promotion: Highlighting the Central Role ofHealth Communication, Kreps, , 2009

197. Quality of Vertical DyadLinkages: Congruence of Supervisor and SubordinateCompetence and Role Stress as Explanatory Variables, Snyder, Bruning, , 1985

198. The moderator-mediator variabledistinction in social psychological research: Conceptual,strategic & statistical consideration, Kenny D.A, Baron, "The moderator-mediator variabledistinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, , 1986

199. 호텔 레스토랑 지배인의 이슈리더십이 구성원의 만족도와 영업성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구, 이준재, 대한관광경영학회, "「관광연구」, , 2003

200. Beyond individual metaphors in understandinghow firms behave: A comment on game theory and prospect theorymodels of firm behavior, Barney, , 1994

201. From issues to actions: The importance ofindividual concerns & organizational values in responding tonatural environmental issues, Bansal, , 2003

202. Power in organizations: A social networkperspective. In G. Moore & J. A. Whitt (Eds.), Research inpolitics & society, pp. 295-323, Brass, "Power in organizations: A social networkperspective. In G. Moore & J. A. Whitt (Eds.), , 1992

203. The transformation ofprofessionals into self-managing and partially self-designingcontributions: Toward a theory of leader-making, Uhl-Bien, Graen, , 1991

204. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects onfollowers' trust in leader, satisfaction, & organizationalcitizenship behavior, Podsakoff, "Transformational leader behaviors and their effects onfollowers' trust in leader, , 1990

205. A leadership & capabilities framework fororganizational change : simulating the emergence of leadershipas an organizational meta-capability, Hazy, , 2005

206. Ideologies, values and decision making in organizations.In P. C. Nystrom & W. Starbuck (Eds.), Handbook of OrganizationalDesign, pp. 166-202, Beyer, "Ideologies, , 1981

207. Context and charisma: A “meso”level examination of the relationship or organic structure,collectivism, and crisis to charismatic leadership, Pillai, Meindl, "Context and charisma: A “meso”level examination of the relationship or organic structure, , 1998

208. Champions of technological innovation :The Influence of contextual knowledge, role orientation, ideageneration, and idea promotion on champion emergence, Howell, "Champions of technological innovation :The Influence of contextual knowledge, , 2004

209. Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership:Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over25 Years: Applying A Multi-Level, Multi-Domain Perspective, Uhl-Bien, Grane, , 1995

210. Conceptual foundations of complexity science:Development & main constructs. In M. Uhl-Bien, & R. Marion(Eds.), Complexity Leadership, Part I: Conceptual Foundations,pp. 17-48, Goldstein, "Conceptual foundations of complexity science:Development & main constructs. In M. Uhl-Bien, , 2008

211. Looking for passages through the glass ceiling:An empirical field investigation into the effects of gender,age and leader-member exchange relationships on the careerprogress and career perceptions of working professionals.Unpublished Ph.D, Bell, "Looking for passages through the glass ceiling:An empirical field investigation into the effects of gender, , 1994