중국의 부흥과 대외정책의 변화 : 중국 민족주의와의 상관성을 중심으로 = China's restoration and changes in China's foreign policy : focusing on correlations with Chinese nationalism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

China has made enormous achievements for the past three decades since it began reforms and opening to the outside in 1978. The nation's great economic success is now having substantial influences on a variety of fields. The purpose of this study is to explain a hypothesis that based on “Chinese economic restoration since the reforms and outward opening, China's foreign policy of the 21st century will unite with Chinese nationalism and, step by step, advance towards the hegemony of the nation.” Especially, the study stresses that in China's foreign policy, a unique nationalism of the country, that is, Sinocentrism will be more and more remarkable.
Nationalism is not just an internal product, but is often expressed through relations with other nations. Foreign policy itself is likely to be affected many factors. In China, its unique nationalism, or Sinocentrism has been greatly affecting the nation's foreign policy. In the past, China had the hegemony of Northeast Asia at least. It was a powerful nation that was greatly influential with its physical resources and cultural power. This is a very important fact that has been making China not forget to keep taking positive foreign policies.
The industrial revolution of the 19th century led the West to take policies of expansion towards the outside world. For this reason, Western nations invaded China. and Sinocentrism was converted into a modern nationalism of Western style. At that time, China couldn't help taking foreign policies that were resistive, defensive and nationalistic. To restore its glory of the past after experiencing a century of humiliation, China made lots of struggles, from the Opium War(阿片戰爭) to the Taiping Revolutionary Movement(太平天國 運動) and to fights against the Japanese imperialism. After the new China was founded in 1949, Mao Zedong attempted to reconstruct China by means of developmental strategies based on idealism, but in vain. This put China in the state of economic poverty, and made the nation take passive foreign policies. In other words, China's foreign policy stayed within the range of ideological affiliation under an intentional environment that the importance of ideology was getting bigger.
But China's position that has been greatly heightened since its reforms and opening is making anticipated the restoration of Sinocentrism. Existing powerful countries' positive views of China are reflected in 'Theory of A Great Responsible Nation(責任大國論)' and 'Theory of Peaceful Development(和平發展論)'. In contrast, 'Theory of China's Threat' and 'Theory of Blocking China' are representing those powerful nations' vigilance against the re-rising of China. Based on its restoration of past glory and economic growth, China is now going to increase its influence on the international community and, accordingly taking an appropriate foreign policy.
It seems clear that China's foreign policy will be greatly affected by nationalism in the future, like in the past. A country's foreign policy is based mainly on its national consciousness or will. Nationalism is a part of such consciousness or will. It is the driving power of a nation. It is clear that in China, nationalism is essential for bother internal cohesion and external expansion. The introduction of capitalism brought by reforms and outward opening made contradictions of socialism exposed and caused ideology itself to be declined. China is a multiracial unified nation. To prevent the separation of minorities, China is totally advocating the ideology of nationalism. To justify this move, in addition, the country is asserting the state-directed patriotism. This is internally titled patriotism and externally, so-called 'Peaceful Rise(和平崛起)'
Chinese nationalism is seeking to restore China's glory and confidence based on Sinocentrism, getting away with remembrances of the nation's past humiliation. It will be extended more and more in connection with the growth of Chinese economy. To assume the hegemony of Northeast Asia again, in the short-term, China will cooperate with countries of the region. To ultimately hold international supremacy in the future, China now needs to make friendly relations with more countries within the region. In preparation for being a hegemonic nation of the world, China are first going to firmly secure its influence on Northeast Asia. In other words, In other words, the region is just a transitional base on which China will advance towards the realization of its international supremacy. Under its motto, ‘stabilize a neighboring region and then, from the base of the Asian-Pacific region, go toward the world’, China are going to take Northeast Asia as a strategical post and grow into a hegemonic nation that is never next to the U.S. It is internationally recognized that in the short-term, China will be a great responsible nation of the so-called ‘the Full Well-off(Xiaokang) Society(小康社會)' by 2020 and in the long-term, the nation will be a great economic power by 2050. China will go beyond the unilateralism of the U.S. and hold supremacy.
Now Korea needs to take its own foreign policy to better cope with China as described above. Korea is located in Northeast Asia and very close with China in terms of history and economic cooperation. Facing impending issues such as China's Northeast Asian Project(東北工程) and North Korea's nuclear programs, Korea is being requested to investigate what has been making China's foreign policy lead Chinese restoration. This suggests the need of profoundly researching Chinese nationalism as the origin of Chinese development. For example, more focus should be put on a hypothesis that Chinese nationalism implies expansive, aggressive, political and psychological aspects and is pursuing the hegemony of the entire world. China will keep growing. This is clearly supported by facts as described above. Members of the international community should pay more attention to how much China could grow itself and when China could be equal to the U.S. in the power of international influence.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• 1. 문제 제기 1
• 2. 연구 동향 5
• 3. 연구 방법 10
• Ⅱ. 중국 민족주의의 배경 17
• 1. 민족주의 이론의 재검토 17
• 2. 중국 민족주의의 기원 21
• 3. 중국 민족주의의 형성ㆍ발전과 변화 25
• 4. 중국 대외정책과 민족주의의 상관성 41
• Ⅲ. 중국 근대 민족주의의 전개과정과 특징 56
• 1. 서구 충돌과 중국 민족주의의 대응 56
• 2. 신해혁명과 중국 민족주의의 전환 76
• Ⅳ. 중국의 부흥과 대외정책의 변화 91
• 1. 마오쩌둥 시대 : 개혁ㆍ개방의 대두 배경 91
• 2. 개혁ㆍ개방의 전개과정 100
• 3. 대외정책과 민족주의의 결합 113
• Ⅴ. 중국의 부흥과 대외정책의 방향 147
• 1. 국가 민족주의로서의 애국주의 147
• 2. 경제성장을 위한 실용외교 152
• 3. 대외정책에 있어서 중국 민족주의의 현대적 의의 156
• Ⅵ. 결 론 161
• 참고문헌 170
• Abstract 183
• 표 목 차
• <표 1> 중국 개혁ㆍ개방 이후의 경제성과 102
• <표 2> 중국 개혁ㆍ개방 이후의 대외무역 103