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    著作權 保護를 위한 技術 措置의 法的 保護에 關한 硏究 = (A)study on the legal protection of the technological measures for protecting copyright

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11040349

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    In the digital network environment, the copyright holders are increasingly resorting to technological measures to protect their rights in their works or other subject matters, in lieu of legal protection and legal remedies with that copyright law provided. To a large extent the solution to a loss in control that the right holder have had with the exploitation of their works could be sought in technology itself. It must be effective means to protect the copyright owners against infringement of their rights.
    However, even though the technological protection measures are becoming highly sophisticated, all the measures could be eventually defeated by technically sophisticated users. It is said that it is simply a question of time and of the relation between the effort necessary to circumvent and the value of the decoded content. While the ordinary users are unlikely to have the skill to hack around the technological measures, they could do it with the aids of some circumvention devices or the skilled persons.
    Most of the delegations, gathered in Geneva, Switzerland in December 1996, recognized this problem and lastly agreed to introduce some protection to the technological measures for protecting copyright and neighbouring rights. It was not so easy to make an conclusion on this issue, because there was a big chasm between pro-copyright countries such as U.S.A. and European Union member countries and developing countries. After a long debate, the delegations could reach to a single compromise that was radically changed from the basic proposal by the chairman of the expert group.
    The provision included in WIPO Copyright Treaty Art. 11 is as follow; Approximately same provision was also inserted into its twin treaties, i.e. WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
    "Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law."
    Now, more than 7 years have passed from the date of adoption of the Treaties, many countries, including U.S.A, European Union, Australia, Japan, finished implementation of the Treaties and some more countries are making an effort to introduce these provisions into their respective regional or national laws. However, these provisions are still contentious ones, because the above mentioned pro-copyright countries, especially U.S.A., provided arguably too protective and wide protection to the technological measures and has been urging other developing countries to follow their legislation through bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations, e.g. annual review based upon its trade act and negotiation for a free trade agreement.
    There are two main issues with the protection of the technological measures. One is whether the access control measures are to be the subject matter of this protection, and another is how we can maintain the exceptions and limitations to the copyright intact, though the application and legal protection of the technological measures.
    With regard to the access control measures, there are two kinds of access, access to the server or the copies of the work and access to the work itself. The access to the copies of the work, so called initial access, can be assimilated with the opening the door of the book store or the book shelves. Actually this kind of act does not imply the copyright infringement under the current copyright regime. The legal doctrine of trespass can be rather fitted for this situation.
    The issue of access to the work itself, in other words continuing access, is more troublesome one than the issue of access to the server of the copies of the work. Access to the work means using, enjoying or experiencing the work. This kinds of acts are also not included in the realm of the copyright world. Therefore if the access control measures are protected, the authors can have in fact a access right or use right to their works, only if they apply access control measures to the works. Access right or use right is not recognized and cannot be tolerated at least under the present copyright regime.
    The WIPO Treaties says the subject matters of the protection are "... technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention..." Thus, the access control measures cannot be included in the obligation of the Treaties.
    The contracting parties have the discretion to extend the protection to the subject matter that they are not obliged to do so, because the treaty obligation just says minimum standard of protection. Now, we have to consider whether there is need to provide authors with the control over the access to the works or the copies of the works and if the answer is affirmative, then we have to find appropriate solution to introduce the power to control those kinds of accesses.
    On this issue of the needs of access control power, there seem to be and can be lots of pros and cons. Thus it is at present not proper to say that the introduction of access right or use right is appropriate or not. And, we can say clearly that we have never decided that kind of decision yet. That kind of control power must be given through the same way that the rights, authors already have, were given to them. It is clearly not through the back door, i. e. the protection of the technological measures.
    Technologies hear only the voice of their master and are blind to the purpose of using the works. Even though there is no legal protection, ordinary people cannot circumvent the technological measures for legitimate exploitation of a work. Using this situation, the right holders could extend their control over the boundaries of copyright. And now we are talking about the legal protection of those technological measures. Without appropriate measures for preserving the room for the exceptions and limitations to the copyright, the liberty of users will be choked with the application and legal protection of the technological measures.
    We have two approaches for the harmonization of legal protection of the technological measures and preservation of the exceptions and limitations to the copyright. One is negative approach. With regard to the use control measures, U.S and Japan excluded circumvention itself from the protection. So, if certain exploitations are done through the circumvention of the use control measures and they can be fallen in the sphere of fair use, then no liability can apply to them. However, even though these kinds of acts are allowed, actually there are not so many users to do so.
    Another is positive approach. European Union members, e.g. United Kingdom and Germany, are the examples. In United Kingdom, where the application of technological measures to a copyrighted work prevents a person from carrying out a permitted act in relation to that work then that person may issue a notice of complaint to the Secretary of State. Then, the Secretary of State may give to the owner of that cop on for the purpose of ensuring that the owner makes avaliable to the complaint the means of carrying out the permitted act the subject of the complaint to the extent necessary to so benefit from that permitted act. Germany also has similar provisions.
    These two approaches are not mutually exclusive. So, we can harmonize the legal protection to the technological measures with the exceptions and limitation to the copyright through the mixture of negative approach and positive approach. Then, one who wants to legitimately exploit a work can circumvent technological measures without liability, and one who cannot circumvent the measures by him/herself ask the government a help.
    If we want to preserve delicate balance on copyright regime, we have to review the impact of the application and legal protection of the technological measures, and take a appropriate measures for preserving the room for the exceptions and limitations to the copyright. If we are negligent to do so, we would fail to get the ultimate goal of sustainable development of culture and economy.
    번역하기

    In the digital network environment, the copyright holders are increasingly resorting to technological measures to protect their rights in their works or other subject matters, in lieu of legal protection and legal remedies with that copyright law prov...

    In the digital network environment, the copyright holders are increasingly resorting to technological measures to protect their rights in their works or other subject matters, in lieu of legal protection and legal remedies with that copyright law provided. To a large extent the solution to a loss in control that the right holder have had with the exploitation of their works could be sought in technology itself. It must be effective means to protect the copyright owners against infringement of their rights.
    However, even though the technological protection measures are becoming highly sophisticated, all the measures could be eventually defeated by technically sophisticated users. It is said that it is simply a question of time and of the relation between the effort necessary to circumvent and the value of the decoded content. While the ordinary users are unlikely to have the skill to hack around the technological measures, they could do it with the aids of some circumvention devices or the skilled persons.
    Most of the delegations, gathered in Geneva, Switzerland in December 1996, recognized this problem and lastly agreed to introduce some protection to the technological measures for protecting copyright and neighbouring rights. It was not so easy to make an conclusion on this issue, because there was a big chasm between pro-copyright countries such as U.S.A. and European Union member countries and developing countries. After a long debate, the delegations could reach to a single compromise that was radically changed from the basic proposal by the chairman of the expert group.
    The provision included in WIPO Copyright Treaty Art. 11 is as follow; Approximately same provision was also inserted into its twin treaties, i.e. WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
    "Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law."
    Now, more than 7 years have passed from the date of adoption of the Treaties, many countries, including U.S.A, European Union, Australia, Japan, finished implementation of the Treaties and some more countries are making an effort to introduce these provisions into their respective regional or national laws. However, these provisions are still contentious ones, because the above mentioned pro-copyright countries, especially U.S.A., provided arguably too protective and wide protection to the technological measures and has been urging other developing countries to follow their legislation through bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations, e.g. annual review based upon its trade act and negotiation for a free trade agreement.
    There are two main issues with the protection of the technological measures. One is whether the access control measures are to be the subject matter of this protection, and another is how we can maintain the exceptions and limitations to the copyright intact, though the application and legal protection of the technological measures.
    With regard to the access control measures, there are two kinds of access, access to the server or the copies of the work and access to the work itself. The access to the copies of the work, so called initial access, can be assimilated with the opening the door of the book store or the book shelves. Actually this kind of act does not imply the copyright infringement under the current copyright regime. The legal doctrine of trespass can be rather fitted for this situation.
    The issue of access to the work itself, in other words continuing access, is more troublesome one than the issue of access to the server of the copies of the work. Access to the work means using, enjoying or experiencing the work. This kinds of acts are also not included in the realm of the copyright world. Therefore if the access control measures are protected, the authors can have in fact a access right or use right to their works, only if they apply access control measures to the works. Access right or use right is not recognized and cannot be tolerated at least under the present copyright regime.
    The WIPO Treaties says the subject matters of the protection are "... technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention..." Thus, the access control measures cannot be included in the obligation of the Treaties.
    The contracting parties have the discretion to extend the protection to the subject matter that they are not obliged to do so, because the treaty obligation just says minimum standard of protection. Now, we have to consider whether there is need to provide authors with the control over the access to the works or the copies of the works and if the answer is affirmative, then we have to find appropriate solution to introduce the power to control those kinds of accesses.
    On this issue of the needs of access control power, there seem to be and can be lots of pros and cons. Thus it is at present not proper to say that the introduction of access right or use right is appropriate or not. And, we can say clearly that we have never decided that kind of decision yet. That kind of control power must be given through the same way that the rights, authors already have, were given to them. It is clearly not through the back door, i. e. the protection of the technological measures.
    Technologies hear only the voice of their master and are blind to the purpose of using the works. Even though there is no legal protection, ordinary people cannot circumvent the technological measures for legitimate exploitation of a work. Using this situation, the right holders could extend their control over the boundaries of copyright. And now we are talking about the legal protection of those technological measures. Without appropriate measures for preserving the room for the exceptions and limitations to the copyright, the liberty of users will be choked with the application and legal protection of the technological measures.
    We have two approaches for the harmonization of legal protection of the technological measures and preservation of the exceptions and limitations to the copyright. One is negative approach. With regard to the use control measures, U.S and Japan excluded circumvention itself from the protection. So, if certain exploitations are done through the circumvention of the use control measures and they can be fallen in the sphere of fair use, then no liability can apply to them. However, even though these kinds of acts are allowed, actually there are not so many users to do so.
    Another is positive approach. European Union members, e.g. United Kingdom and Germany, are the examples. In United Kingdom, where the application of technological measures to a copyrighted work prevents a person from carrying out a permitted act in relation to that work then that person may issue a notice of complaint to the Secretary of State. Then, the Secretary of State may give to the owner of that cop on for the purpose of ensuring that the owner makes avaliable to the complaint the means of carrying out the permitted act the subject of the complaint to the extent necessary to so benefit from that permitted act. Germany also has similar provisions.
    These two approaches are not mutually exclusive. So, we can harmonize the legal protection to the technological measures with the exceptions and limitation to the copyright through the mixture of negative approach and positive approach. Then, one who wants to legitimately exploit a work can circumvent technological measures without liability, and one who cannot circumvent the measures by him/herself ask the government a help.
    If we want to preserve delicate balance on copyright regime, we have to review the impact of the application and legal protection of the technological measures, and take a appropriate measures for preserving the room for the exceptions and limitations to the copyright. If we are negligent to do so, we would fail to get the ultimate goal of sustainable development of culture and economy.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • 목차 = i
    • 제1장 서론 = 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위 및 방법 = 7
    • 1. 연구의 범위 = 7
    • 목차 = i
    • 제1장 서론 = 1
    • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
    • 제2절 연구의 범위 및 방법 = 7
    • 1. 연구의 범위 = 7
    • 2. 연구의 방법 = 10
    • 제2장 디지털 네트워크 환경과 기술 조치의 보호 필요성 = 11
    • 제1절 기술변화에 따른 저작물의 창작과 이용환경의 변화 = 11
    • 제2절 디지털 네트워크 기술이 저작권 보호에 미치는 파급효과 = 13
    • 1. 침해의 용이성 = 14
    • 2. 침해로 인한 피해 = 15
    • 3. 저작권 집행의 어려움 = 16
    • 4. 일반 사용자에 의한 저작물 사용의 중요성 = 17
    • 제3장 기술 조치, 그 적용의 필요성과 파급효과 = 20
    • 제1절 기술 조치의 의의 및 분류 = 20
    • 1. 접근통제조치 = 21
    • 가. 접근의 개념 = 21
    • (1) 서버 또는 수록 매체에의 접근 = 22
    • (2) 저작물에의 접근 = 23
    • 나. 접근과 일시적 복제의 관계 = 25
    • 다. 접근의 보호 필요성 = 26
    • 라. 접근통제조치 = 28
    • 2. 이용통제조치 = 30
    • 가. 이용의 개념 = 30
    • 나. 이용통제조치 = 31
    • 다. 접근통제조치와 이용통제조치의 관계 = 32
    • 제2절 기술 조치에 대한 법적 보호의 필요성과 문제점 = 35
    • 1. 기술 조치의 법적 성격 = 35
    • 2. 기술 조치의 적용 필요성과 파급효과 = 36
    • 가. 소극적 필요성 -법적 구제수단의 한계 = 36
    • 나. 적극적 필요성 -기술 조치의 추가적인 효용 = 38
    • (1) 효율적인 저작권 집행 = 38
    • (2) 완전한 가격차별의 가능성 = 40
    • (3) 저작권에 대한 예외와 제한의 적용배제 = 44
    • (4) 저작권 보호 이외의 목적 추구 = 45
    • (5) 계약의 강재 = 47
    • 3. 기술 조치에 대한 법적 보호의 필요성과 그 성격 = 48
    • 가. 기술 조치의 한계 및 법적 보호 필요성 = 48
    • 나. 기술 조치에 대한 법적 보호의 성격 = 52
    • 4. 기술 조치에 대한 법적 보호의 파급효과 = 54
    • 가. 권리 범위의 확장 또는 새로운 권리의 창설 가능성 = 55
    • 나. 저작권 집행을 위한 비용의 공공에의 전가 가능성 = 56
    • 다. 입증책임의 완화 = 57
    • 제4장 WIPO 저작권조약 및 실연음반조약의 의무 검토 = 59
    • 제1절 개관 = 59
    • 제2절 조약 규정의 검토 = 60
    • 1. "효과적인" 기술 조치(effective technological measures) = 60
    • 2. "저작자가 이용하는"(used by authors) = 62
    • 3. "이 조약 또는 배른협약상의 권리의 행사와 관련하여"(in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty and the Berne Convention) = 63
    • 4. "저작자가 허락하지 아니하거나 법에서 허용하지 아니하는 행위를 제한 하는"(that restricts acts ... which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law) = 64
    • 5. "우회에 대한 충분한 법적 보호와 효과적인 법적 구제조치"(adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention) = 69
    • 제5장 기술 조치의 법적 보호에 관한 입법 동향 = 75
    • 제1절 서언 = 75
    • 제2절 미국 = 77
    • 1. 개관 = 77
    • 2. 접근통제조치의 보호 = 79
    • 3. 이용통제조치의 보호 = 84
    • 4. 기술 조치의 법적 보호에 대한 예외 = 85
    • 5. 금지 대상이 되는 도구 및 서비스의 판단 기준 = 88
    • 6. 디자인 강제의 부인 = 90
    • 제3절 유럽연합 = 93
    • 1. 유럽연합 컴퓨터프로그램지침 = 93
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 93
    • 나. 검토 = 94
    • 2. 유럽연합 조건부접근지침 = 95
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 95
    • 나. 검토 = 97
    • 다. 저작권지침과의 비교 = 98
    • 3. 유럽연합 저작권지침 = 99
    • 가. 개관 = 99
    • 나. 저작권에 대한 예외와 제한의 고려 = 104
    • 다. 국가의 역할 = 106
    • 라. 사적 복제에 대한 고려 = 110
    • 마. 기술 조치의 보호와 일반 사용자 계약 = 111
    • 바. 디자인 강제의 부인 = 113
    • 사. 유럽연합 컴퓨터프로그램지침과의 관계 = 113
    • 4. 유럽연합 회원국들의 입법동향 = 114
    • 가. 영국 = 115
    • (1) 주요 내용 = 115
    • (2) 검토 = 118
    • 나. 독일 = 119
    • (1) 주요 내용 = 120
    • (2) 검토 = 123
    • 제4절 일본 = 125
    • 1. 저작권법에 의한 보호 = 125
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 125
    • 나. 검토 = 128
    • 2. 부정경쟁방지법에 의한 보호 = 133
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 133
    • 나. 검토 = 136
    • 제5절 호주 = 138
    • 1. 주요 내용 = 138
    • 2. 검토 = 141
    • 제5절 우리나라 = 143
    • 1. 저작권법에 의한 보호 = 144
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 144
    • 나. 검토 = 146
    • 2. 컴퓨터프로그램보호법에 의한 보호 = 148
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 148
    • 나. 검토 = 149
    • 3. 온라인디지털콘텐츠산업발전법에 의한 보호 = 151
    • 가. 주요 내용 = 151
    • 나. 검토 = 152
    • 제6장 기술 조치의 법적 보호와 관련한 쟁점의 검토 = 154
    • 제1절 개관 = 154
    • 제2절 보호대상의 범위 = 155
    • 1. 저작권으로 보호되는 권리를 보호하기 위한 기술 조치 = 155
    • 가. 이용통제조치의 보호 = 156
    • 나. 저작물의 복제물에의 접근을 통제하는 기술 조치 = 156
    • 2. 권리자가 허락하지 않는 행위를 통제하는 기술 조치 = 157
    • 3. 소결 = 158
    • 제3절 금지 대상 행위의 범위 = 161
    • 1. 개관 = 161
    • 2. 우회 행위의 금지 = 161
    • 가. 이용통제조치의 우회 행위의 금지 = 162
    • 나. 접근통제조치의 우회 행위의 금지 = 164
    • 3. 우회 도구 및 서비스의 제공금지 = 164
    • 4. 소결 = 166
    • 제4절 저작권 예외 및 제한과의 조화 = 167
    • 1. 저작권 예외 및 제한과의 조화 필요성 = 167
    • 가. 개관 = 167
    • 나. 예외와 제한의 근거 = 168
    • 다. 저작권조약 및 실연·음반조약에서의 예외와 제한 = 171
    • 2. 저작권에 대한 예외와 제한과의 조화방안 = 172
    • 가. 저작권 예외 및 제한과의 양립가능성 = 172
    • 나. 저작권 예외 및 제한과의 조화 방안 = 174
    • (1) 소극적 조화방안 = 174
    • (2) 적극적 조화방안 = 175
    • 다. 사적 복제와 기술 조치의 법적 보호 = 179
    • 라. 기술 조치의 보호 자체에 대한 예외 및 제한 = 181
    • (1) 접근통제조치에 대한 예외와 제한 = 182
    • (2) 기술 조치의 보호에 특유한 예외와 제한 = 183
    • 3. 소결 = 183
    • 제5절 기타 쟁점 = 185
    • 1. 디자인 강제 = 185
    • 2. 법적 구제조치 = 188
    • 가. 저작권 침해와의 관계 = 188
    • 나. 친고죄 대상 여부 = 190
    • 다. 권리구제 수단 = 191
    • 3. 전달자의 이익 보호 = 192
    • 제7장 결론 = 195
    • 參考文獻 = 203
    • ABSTRACT = 217
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