Critical Thinking 프로그램이 아동의 사고 기능 및 사고 성향에 미치는 효과 = Effects of a CT Program on the Thinking Ability and Tendency of Children

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study attempts to apply a CT program that is proposed to improve critical thinking ability and to investigate improvements in thinking abilities and thinking tendencies by applying it to elementary school children. The issues on this study were configured as following questions. First, is it possible to improve the thinking ability of children through the CT program? Second, is it possible to present some effects on the improvement of thinking tendencies in children through the CT program? The subject of this study was the fourth grade of 52 elementary school children of ○ Elementary School at Wanju-Gun, Jeonbuk in which children are divided into control and experimental groups by 26 children for each group. Then, the experimental group was treated by two times per week for 40 minutes. The tools used in this study were the Raven matrices test and Torrance thinking ability test and that were used to measure thinking abilities. Also, the thinking tendencies were measured by applying critical thinking ability and learning interest tests. Then, the data obtained from these tests were analyzed using the SPSS 14.0. In this study, the results can be summarized as follows: First, there were some significant differences in the matrices intelligence test and creative ability test between the experimental group through applying the CT program and the control group without applying the CT program. Second, there were some significant difference in the whole results of the critical thinking tendency test and learning interest test between the experimental group through applying the CT program and the control group without applying the CT program. It can be seen that the results obtained from this study represent the importance of a program that improves the critical thinking ability and tendency not only the teaching method of teachers but also the effective application of this teaching method.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 임호찬, "한국판 레이븐 지능검사" 한국가이던스 2004

2 조붕환, "초등학생용 학습흥미검사의 표준화를 위한 연구" 한국초등교육학회 17 (17): 227-252, 2004

3 임경희, "초등학생 진로인식을 위한 학습흥미 검사 개발에 관한 연구" 11 : 231-257, 2000

4 김정섭, "초등 영재의 비판적 사고 특성" 대한사고개발학회 1 (1): 69-89, 2005

5 구연옥, "초등 사회과 의사결정 학습이 고급사고력 신장에 미치는 효과" 광주교육대학교 교육대학원 2004

6 김민찬, "초등 사회과 비판적 사고력 측정을 위한 주관식 평가 문항 개발에 관한 연구" 경인교육대학교 교육대학원 2002

7 최덕진, "초등 사회과 비판적 사고력 측정을 위한 객관식 평가 문항 개발에 관한 연구" 경인교육대학교 교육대학원 2002

8 고혜숙, "정교화전략 훈련이 아동의 비판적사고기능과 성향에 미치는 효과" 한국교원 대학교 대학원 1994

9 고병남, "아동의 비판적 사고력 발달에 관한 일연구" 이화여대 대학원 1978

10 황희숙, "성별 및 학년 수준에 따른 비판적 사고력의 발달과 학업성취와의 관계" 한국수산해양교육학회 17 (17): 240-251, 2005

11 성일제, "사고력신장을 위한 프로그램 개발 연구(Ⅱ)" 한국교육개발원 1988

12 장미경, "사고력 증진을 위한 Odyssey 프로그램의 효과" 연세대학교 대학원 1992

13 허경철, "사고력 신장을 위한 프로그램 개발 연구(Ⅳ)" 한국교육개발원 1990

14 허경철, "사고력 검사 개발 연구(Ⅱ)-비판적 사고력 검사 제작편-" 1991

15 박만엽, "비판적 사고와 구성주의" 중앙철학연구소 16 : 285-326, 2004

16 송창백, "비판적 사고력 촉진을 위한 자기조절 학습전략의 효과" 26 (26): 1-18, 2005

17 황희숙, "비판적 사고력 증진을 위한 교과 통합적 사고력 훈련의 효과" 39 (39): 187-214, 2001

18 권창숙, "비판적 사고력 신장을 위한 초등사회과 교수·학습 방안 연구" 춘천교육대학교 교육대학원 2005

19 이윤옥, "또래 튜터링 질문생성이 학업성취와 비판적사고 성향에 미치는 효과" 교육문제연구소 17 (17): 5-134, 2002

20 박선환, "대학생의 비판적 사고력 증진을 위한 프로그램의 효과" 13 (13): 93-112, 1999

21 신경숙, "교과통합 사고교육모형에 의한 비판적 사고력 증진 수업개발 및 적용" 부산대학교 대학원 2000

22 김명숙, "공교육에서의 비판적 사고 교육의 방향과 쟁점" 철학연구회 58 : 107-144, 2002

23 Perkins,D, "What creative thinking is. In Developing Minds: A Resource Book For Teaching Thinking. Alexandria" Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 1985

24 Prawat,R.S, "The value of ideas: The immersion approach to the development of thinking" 20 (20): 3-10, 1991

25 Sternberg,R.J, "The triarchic theory of human intelligence:A framework for the understanding,investigation,testing,and training of intelligence.In Student learning: Research in education and cognitive psychology(357-374)" SRHE & The Open University Press 1987

26 Sternberg, R. J., "The predictive value of IQ. Manuscript submitted for publication"

27 Piaget,J, "The origins of intelligence in children" W. W. Norton & Company 1963

28 Ennis,R.H, "The extent to which critical thinking is subject-specific: further clarification" 19 : 13-16, 1990

29 Renzulli,J.S, "The enrichment triad model: A guide for developing defensible programs for the gifted and talented" 20 : 303-326, 1976

30 Perkins,D, "The Mind's Best Work" Harvard University Press 1981

31 Bransford, J., "The IDEAL problem solver" Freeman 1984

32 Siegel,H, "The Generalizability of Critical Thinking.In The Generalizability of Critical Thinking : Multiple perspectives on an educational ideal" Teachers College Press 1991

33 "The Critical Thinking Co."

34 Fisher,R, "Teaching thinking:philosophical enquiry in the classroom" Cassell 1998

35 Baron, J., "Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice" W.H. Freeman 1987

36 Swartz,R, "Teaching for thinking:A development model for the infusion of thinking skill into mainstream instruction.In Teaching thinking skill: Theory and practice" W. H. Freeman 106-126, 1987

37 Wasserman,S, "Teaching for thinking: Louis E. Raths revisited" 68 (68): 460-466, 1987

38 Edward, J., "Teaching Thinking in Secondary Science.In Thinking: The Expanding Frontier" Franklin Insitute Press 129-138, 1983

39 Herrnstein, R. J., "Teaching Thinking Skills" 41 (41): 1279-1289, 1986

40 Bloom,B.S, "Taxonomy of educational objectives" David Mackay 1956

41 Norris,S.P, "Synthesis of Research on Critical Thinking" 42 (42): 40-45, 1985

42 Swartz,R, "Restructuring curriculum for critical thinking" 43 (43): 43-44, 1986

43 Anastasi, A., "Psychological testing" Prentice Hall 1997

44 Winocur,S.L, "Project IMPACT in Developing minds" Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 210-211, 1985

45 McCarthy,J, "Process-specific constraints in Optimality Theory" 28 : 231-251, 1997

46 Lipman, M., "Philosophy in the classroom" Temple University Press 1980

47 Kolb,D.A, "LSI-IIa:Self scoring inventory and interpretation booklet" McBer & Company 1993

48 Swartz,R, "Infusing the teaching of critical thinking into content instruction.In Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking" Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development 177-184, 1991

49 Swartz, R., "Infusing the Teaching of Critical and Creative Thinking into Secondary Instruction: A Lesson Design Handbook"

50 O'Reilly,K, "Infusing critical thinking into United States history courses. In Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking"

51 Fisher,R, "First Stories for Thinking" Nash Pollock 1999

52 김영채, "FPSP 가이드북(3판)"

53 Higa,W.R, "Evaluation of the philosophy for children program" 2 : 21-31, 1980

54 Norris, S. P., "Evaluating critical" Midwest Publications 1989

55 Siegel,H, "Educating Reason:Rationality,Critical Thinking,and Education" Routledge 1988

56 Paul,R.W, "Critical thinking: Fundamental to education for free society" 42 (42): 4-14, 1984

57 Ennis,R.H, "Critical thinking and subject-specificity: clarification and needed research" 18 : 4-10, 1989

58 McPeck,J, "Critical thinking and subject specificity; A reply to Ennis" 19 : 10-12, 1990

59 Wilks,S, "Critical and creative thinking:Strategies for the classroom inquiry" Eleanor Curtain Publishing 1995

60 Splitter,L.J, "Critical Thinking: What When and How?" 23 (23): 90-, 1991

61 Facione,P, "Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus For Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction—The Delphi Report"

62 Paul, R. W., "Critical Thinking Handbook: K-3"

63 Cropley,A.J, "Creativity in. education and learning: A guide for teachers and educators" Kogan 2001

64 Sternberg,R.J, "Beyond IQ:A triarchic theory of human intelligence" Cambridge University Press 1986

65 Sternberg,R.J, "Beyond I. Q: A triarchic theory of human intelligence" Cambridge University Press 1985

66 Colledge,D, "An experimental study comparing embedding and immersion approaches to instructing critical thinking to 5th-grade students" University of Pennsylvania 1993

67 Ennis,R.H, "A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities.In Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice" W. H. Freeman 9-26, 1987

68 Ennis,R.H, "A concept of critical thinking" 32 : 81-111, 1962