국제대리모계약에 관한 연구

이병화(Lee, Byung Hwa) 한국국제사법학회 2016 國際私法硏究 Vol.22 No.1

현대의학의 발전으로 인해 종래의 법리 적용만으로는 적합한 해결을 할 수 없는 법분야 중 하나가 바로 대리모계약에 관한 사안이다. 본래 대리모계약이란 부부 중 처가 불임인 경우에 다른 여성에게 대가를 지급하기로 하고, 남편의 자녀를 임신케 하여 그 자녀를 낳아 인도해 줄 것을 내용으로 하는 계약이다. 즉 대리모계약은 대리모에의 보수지급, 대리모측의 출산아 인도의무, 대리모부부의 친권포기 내지 양육권의 양도, 의뢰인 처의 입양에 대한 합의 등을 그 주요 내용으로 하고 있다. 이미 대리모계약은 국내외에서 암묵적으로 행해지고 있는 것이 현실임에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 법적 장치를 조속히 마련하지 않는다면, 수많은 불임부부와 대리모 및 출생자의 최소한의 인권을 보호해주지 못하고 모두를 위험에 빠뜨리게 될 것이다. 더욱이 현실은 순전히 우리나라 안에서 우리나라 사람들끼리만 대리모계약이 성립되어 시술되는 사안에 그치지 않고, 이미 국경을 넘어 한국인이 전 세계로 나아가 대리모계약을 체결하고 시술을 행하는 상황에 놓여 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 우선 기존의 선행연구를 토대로 미국, 영국, 독일, 프랑스, 일본을 중심으로 외국의 입법 및 사례를 비교·분석하고자 한다. 또한 실질법상 대리모계약의 쟁점사항들 중에서 대리모계약의 유효성 여부문제, 대리모계약의 허용범위 문제, 대리모계약의 이행청구/계약해제/손해배상 문제, 대리모출생자의 인도/인수 거부 문제, 대리모출생자의 법적 지위 문제를 다루고 있다. 다음으로 국제사법상 국제대리모계약의 쟁점사항들 중에서 국제대리모계약과 국제적 공서 문제, 국제대리모출생자의 국적문제, 국제대리모계약의 국제재판관할권·준거법결정·외국판결승인 문제를 살펴보고 있다. 요컨대 본고는 실질법상 대리모계약과 국제사법상 국제대리모계약이라는 양 법체계의 내용을 균형감 있게 다룸으로써 실제로 대리모계약사건이 국내외에서 발생하는 경우에 실질적으로 유용한 법리해석이 가능하도록 돕기 위한 것이다. 더 나아가 대리모계약에 관한 주요 국가들의 입법례 및 판례와 법정책 등을 전반적으로 고찰함으로써 현행법상 이에 관한 법리적 해석의 틀을 마련하지 못하고 있는 우리나라가 앞으로 나아갈 입법방향을 적극 모색해보려는 데 궁극적인 의미가 있다고 하겠다. One of the legal fields, which cannot be properly solved by simply applying the conventionally legal principles owing to the development in modern medicine, is just an issue on the surrogacy arrangement. The surrogacy arrangement originally implies a contract with the contents of asking for bearing and delivering the baby by making other woman pregnant with the husband"s child through promising to pay cost when a wife is infertile out of the couple. In other words, the surrogacy arrangement is having its major contents such as giving reward to a surrogate mother, a duty of delivering the born baby on a surrogate mother"s side, surrogate-mother couple"s abandoning parental right or transferring custody, and the agreement on adoption in the client"s wife. The surrogacy arrangement is already in the reality of tacitly coming into action at home and abroad. Given not quickly arranging a legal device on this, nevertheless, all will be put in danger with failing to protect the minimally human rights of numerous infertile couples, surrogate mothers, and births. Furthermore, the reality is already in a situation that Koreans advance to the whole world crossing the boundary and then conclude the surrogacy arrangement and perform surgical procedure without ending in an issue that the surrogacy arrangement is established and undergone surgical procedure just among our countrymen purely within our country. Accordingly, this study aims to compare and analyze foreign legislations and cases focusing on America, England, Germany, France and Japan based primarily on the existing previous researches. Also, the issues of the surrogacy arrangement in real law are being addressed a problem about whether or not effectiveness of the surrogacy arrangement, a problem about allowable range of the surrogacy arrangement, a problem about claiming for performance/cancelling a contract/compensating for the loss in relation to the surrogacy arrangement, a problem about refusing the transfer/acceptance of the born baby from the surrogate mother, and a problem about legal position of the born child from the surrogate mother. Sequentially, the issues of the international surrogacy arrangement in the private international law are being examined a problem about the international surrogacy arrangement and the international public policy, a problem about nationality of the born baby from the international surrogate mother, and a problem about international jurisdiction·determination of governing law·recognition of foreign judgement in the international surrogacy arrangement. In short, this study aims to be helpful for making it available for the substantially useful juridical analysis when a case of the surrogate mother contract actually takes place at home and abroad, by addressing the contents of both legal systems called the surrogacy arrangement in real law and the international surrogacy arrangement in private international law in a balanced way. Moreover, it can be said that there is ultimate significance in trying to positively seek the legislative direction that will be advanced down the road by our country, which fails to arrange a frame of judicious interpretation on this in the current law, by generally considering legislative cases & precedents and legal policies of major countries pertinent to the surrogacy arrangement.

대리모에 의한 출산자의 모자관계

이영규 ( Young Gyu Lee ) 한국법정책학회 2010 법과 정책연구 Vol.10 No.1

Because of recent technology in the way a child can be conceived, it became apparent that new laws defining parentage were needed. A legal mother is one who carries a child to birth. But it can now also be one whose egg was fertilized, someone who has been adjudicated as such through adoption, or one under a gestational agreement. Under these last three instances, the woman who carried the child to birth would not be the legal mother. There are two types of surrogacy. The first type is the traditional surrogacy arrangement, in which a couple contracts with a surrogate mother to have the intentional father`s sperm artificially inseminated into the surrogate. Here the surrogate will use her own egg, thus she will be genetically related to the child. The second type of surrogacy, called gestational surrogacy, can take place several ways. The intentional mother can use her own egg and the intentional father will use his own sperm, and the embryo, which is fertilized outside of the womb, will then be transplanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother. In this case, the surrogate mother is not genetically related to the child. As the use of surrogates has become more prevalent, courts and legislatures have been challenged by the legality of surrogacy agreements. Our society must determine the appropriate degree of legal regulation of these procedures. In family law is three types of motherhood including biological motherhood, legal motherhood, and social motherhood. However, the relationship between a child and her legal mother is social motherhood.

대리모 계약·출산과 관련된 국내외 입법동향 및 국내 의료계와 법조계의 시각차에 대한 검토

최아름,김성은,백경희 충북대학교 법학연구소 2020 과학기술과 법 Vol.11 No.2

The medical development of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) significantly assists infertile couples who are unable to conceive or carry a child as a result of congenital or acquired diseases. However, the process of artificial insemination by surrogacy arrangements or surrogate pregnancy has caused continued controversy surrounding legal and ethical issues. While surrogacy arrangements/surrogate pregnancy are considered invalid in the court, such measures are in practice performed with the assistance of doctors. From the legal perspective, although the measures are not recognized as the form of pregnancy and birth, the practice of surrogacy has already existed from the medical & practical viewpoints, indicating a significant gap between two sides. There are growing concerns about problems with surrogate pregnancy. The absence of stated regulations on such practice could lead to the failure in fulfilling duty by mutual parties, therefore having difficulty in securing the legal status of a baby. The health of a surrogate mother can be possibly damaged. Additionally, the intervention of illegal brokers could lead to the dangers of excessive commercialization. In fact, there are few statistics on how many children are formally born through such practice, therefore causing social problems for a long time, such as the related fraud, refusal to surrender a child, etc. In spite of such problems, it is hard to come up with active countermeasures or prepare statistics. Accordingly, this paper explores the differing views between the court and the medical community on surrogate pregnancy. By conducting a comparative study on the latest social status and the systems at home and abroad, this paper is aimed to arrive at a conclusion on desirable improvements in the system based on in-depth interviews with surrogacy-related experts in Korea. To accomplish this, the paper provides a change in the current system and a review of intervention. In addition, to secure safety of surrogate mothers and contracting parties and prevent any harm, the paper presents a viewpoint on whether a social consensus can be reached as to what issues should be considered top priority regarding the progress of discussions in the future.

국제대리모계약을 둘러싼 법적 친자관계 쟁점에 관한 헤이그국제사법회의의 최근 동향 분석 및 시사점

이병화(Lee, Byung Hwa) 한국국제사법학회 2017 國際私法硏究 Vol.23 No.2

오늘날 과학이 발전하고 사회가 급변함에 따라 법률사안도 점차 다양해지고 복잡해지고 있다. 특히 현대의학에서 보조생식기술의 발전은 윤리적 문제뿐만 아니라 여러 가지 법적 문제를 야기하고 있다. 대리모계약 및 그 시술에 대한 법적 문제가 이미 심각하게 대두되고 있는 현 상황에서도 입법의 부재를 이유로 아무런 조치를 취하지 않고 있는 것은 매우 유감스럽고 무책임한 태도라고 생각한다. 따라서 본고에서는 이미 ‘글로벌 비즈니스’라고 일컬어질 정도로 뜨거운 이슈가 되어버린 국제대리모계약을 둘러싸고 발생하게 되는 어려운 문제들 중에서도 특히 법적 친자관계에 관한 여러 쟁점들을 중심으로 살펴보고 있다. 기존의 국내실질법상 접근방식에 기한 법적 친자관계 및 대리모계약에 관한 선행연구에 머물지 않고, 더 나아가 국제사법적 견지에서 문제의 해결에 접근하고자 한다. 이러한 시도에 있어서 가장 핵심적이고도 필수적인 연구대상은 바로 헤이그국제사법회의가 광범위하게 진행해온 ‘친자관계/대리모 프로젝트’이다. 그러므로 본고에서는 ‘① 2011년 아동의 지위(국제대리모계약의 쟁점 포함)를 둘러싼 국제사법 쟁점에 관한 예비노트 ② 2012년 국제대리모계약의 쟁점에 관한 예비보고서 ③ 2014년 법적 친자관계 및 국제대리모계약의 쟁점에 관한 연구보고서 ④ 2014년 친자관계/대리모 프로젝트에 관한 추가연구의 바람직성 및 실행가능성 보고서 ⑤ 2015년 친자관계/대리모 프로젝트 최신노트 ⑥ 2016년 친자관계/대리모 프로젝트에 관한 전문가그룹 회의를 위한 배경노트 ⑦ 2016년 친자관계/대리모에 관한 전문가그룹의 2016년 2월 회의보고서 ⑧ 2017년 친자관계/대리모 프로젝트에 관한 전문가그룹 회의보고서’에 관하여 전반적인 내용 및 동향을 살펴보고 있다. 이와 같이 헤이그국제사법회의에서 진행되고 있는 ‘친자관계/대리모 프로젝트’의 흐름을 전체적으로 파악함으로써, 그리고 기존에 국한되었던 실질법상 대리모계약에 관한 연구범위를 넘어 국제사법상 국제대리모계약이라는 측면에서 균형감 있게 다룸으로써, 실제로 국제대리모계약 사건이 국내외에서 발생하는 경우에 실질적으로 유용한 법리해석이 가능하도록 하는데 상당한 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. 또한 본고를 통해 국제대리모계약을 둘러싼 법적 친자관계의 쟁점에 관하여 향후 우리나라가 나아갈 입법정책적 방향을 적극 모색해보는 데 중요한 의미가 있다고 본다. According to the development in science and to a rapid change in society of the day, even a legal issue is gradually getting diverse and complex. Especially, the progress of ART(Assisted Reproductive Technology) in modern medicine is causing many legal problems as well as an ethical issue. What is taking no action for a reason of the absence in legislation is thought to be very regrettable and irresponsible attitude even in the current situation of being already emerged a legal problem seriously about the surrogacy arrangement and its surrogate operation. Accordingly, this study is examining focusing especially on many issues in terms of legal paternity even among difficult problems that come to be created surrounding the international surrogacy arrangement, which resulted in a hot issue enough to be already called "global business." The aim is further to approach a solution for problems from the viewpoint of Private International Law without staying in a previous research on legal paternity and surrogacy agreement based on the existing approach in light of the domestic substantive law. The most key and essential research subject in this attempt is just "Parentage/Surrogacy Project" that has been extensively progressed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Therefore, this study is inquiring into the general contents and trends as to ‘① A Preliminary Note on the Private International Law Issues surrounding the Status of Children in 2011, including Issues arising from International Surrogacy Arrangements ② A Preliminary Report on the Issues arising from International Surrogacy Arrangements in 2012 ③ A Study of Legal Parentage and the Issues arising from International Surrogacy Arrangements in 2014 ④ The Desirability and Feasibility of Further Work on the Parentage/Surrogacy Project in 2014 ⑤ The Parentage/Surrogacy Project: An Updating Note in 2015 ⑥ Background Note for the Meeting of the Experts’ Group on the Parentage/Surrogacy Project in 2016 ⑦ Report of the February 2016 meeting of the Experts’ Group on Parentage/Surrogacy in 2016 ⑧ Report of the Experts" Group on the Parentage/Surrogacy Project in 2017". It is expected to be likely to be considerably helpful for making it available substantially for the useful legal interpretation when the international surrogacy agreement actually takes place at home and abroad, through generally grasping a flow of "Parentage/Surrogacy Project" that is being progressed at the Hague Conference on Private International Law in this way and through addressing in perspective from the aspect dubbed international surrogacy agreement in light of Private International Law beyond a research scope on surrogacy agreement in light of the conventionally-limited substantive law. Also, this study is considered to have an important significance in positively seeking the direction based on legislative policy to which our country will advance down the road in terms of a legal paternity issue surrounding international surrogacy agreement.

대리모제도의 법적 문제

박동진 ( Dong Jin Park ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2005 法學硏究 Vol.15 No.1

대리모에 관한 소고

오호철(O Ho-Cheol) 한국법학회 2009 법학연구 Vol.34 No.-

현재 우리나라에 있어 대리모를 규율하는 법률이 없어 이를 둘러싼 다양한 문제들의 해결은 학설과 민법의 해석에만 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 우리나라에서 영리목적을 가지고 대리모를 알선하는 사람과 이를 의뢰하는 사람 및 이를 시술하는 의사 등이 발생하여도 이를 직접적으로 규제하지 못한다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문은 더 이상 대리모를 방치하면 안 된다는 인식을 가지고 어떻게 이 문제를 해결하는 것이 바람직한 것인가를 살펴보았다. 우선적으로 본 논문은 외국의 입법 동향에 대해 살펴보고, 우리나라의 입법 동향을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 우리나라가 대리모를 허용할 수 있는지의 여부를 검토하였다. 이를 통해 우리 사회에서 대리모의 허용에 대한 부정적 견해가 있지만, 이를 허용하여야 한다는 결론에 도달하였다. 왜냐하면, 대리모를 금지한다고 해서 불법적 대리모의 이용이 없어지는 것이 아니기 때문에 그 실효성이 의문이다. 그리고 우리 사회에서 대리모를 통한 출산이 이루어지고 있는 실정에서 합법성을 무조건 부정하는 것은 사회 문제를 그대로 방치할 뿐이기 때문이다. 그러므로 차라리 자를 갖기를 원하지만, 대리모를 이용하지 않으면 안 되는 불임부부에 한하여 법제도 내에서 양성화시키는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. As of today, it is obvious fact that there is actually no clear regulation in law solution to diverse problems regarding surrogate mother depends on construction of theory and civil law. In accordance with this circumstances, the country have a limitation to restrict it directly when person recommends, requests or proceed surrogate mother illegally on profit pursuing purpose. Therefore this thesis is to find what would be the better way to solve this problem with the understandings that there should be no surrogate mother. Initially this thesis had to look at the movement of legislation in foreign country and our country. Also to find whether or not be possible to allow surrogate mother based on this fact. Our society has negative view of majority on allowing surrogate mother, however we have reached to the end finding surrogate mother must be allowed. Because, looking at the effective side, prohibiting surrogate mother does not mean usage of illegal surrogate mother would be disappeared forever. In actual circumstances child birth is generally by through surrogate mother in our society, denying lawfulness without any reason would only leave society issue. Thus it would be rather desirable to bring out into the open, within legislation, to use surrogate mother for infertile couples desire to have a baby. However surrogate mother for profit must be prohibited.

대리모의 실태와 그 법적 문제점에 관한 연구

강남진 대한민사법학회 2004 민사법연구 Vol.12 No.2

It is the most natural desire for people to have their own child, but some people fail to have them because of some biological defects or others. In this case, they can adopt other's children. But there are many parents who aren't satisfied with adopted children. Because they, adopted children, are not their own blood. The development of modern medical technology can solve the problem by the way of artificial insemination. But this medical method raise ethical and social problems. So they use the Surrogate Motherhood. It means that the married couple who can't have their own child because of wife's infertility enters into a contract with a volunteer woman to bear a child. There are some problems in surrogate mother contract. First, the child who was born by the surrogate motherhood could have a serious "psychological trauma" when he finds that his mother(surrogate mother) gives him up. Second, giving some money as a pay for bearing a child cause a serious ethical and social problems that is a buying and a selling a baby with money. Our country denies the validity of the surrogate motherhood according to Art 103 Civil Law which bans a anti-public policy and a anti-social order. To solve above-mentioned problems, we need a new regulation. I think, it is the most important thing to consider the child's happiness and welfare, "the best interest of the child", without reference to the validity of surrogate mother contract itself.