「장기등 이식에 관한 법률」의 비판적 고찰과 뇌사자의 존엄성을 위한 제언

이동근(Dong Kun Lee) 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2021 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.14 No.3

뇌사자의 장기 기증이 시행되어 정착되어가는 현시점에서 현실적인 뇌사자의 장기 기증뿐 아니라 뇌사자의 존엄성을 향상하는 방법들이 다양한 관점에서 분석되어야 한다. 본 논문은 「장기등 이식에 관한 법률」에서 제기되는 뇌사자의 장기 기증 절차에 대한 문제점을 분석하여 입법 과정에서 간과되는 뇌사자의 존엄성을 정립할 가능성을 모색한다. 국내법은 심폐사를 사망으로 인정한다. 뇌사는 의학적으로 사망이지만 법적으로는 사망이 아니다. 이러한 모순을 내포하면서 시행된 장기이식법은 장기 기증을 허용하는 조건에서 뇌사를 인정하며 뇌사판정의 의미를 장기 적출을 위한 목적으로 축소하였다. 장기 기증은 뇌사자의 권리이지만 국내법에 따르면 뇌사판정 절차를 밟기 위한 의무로 이해된다. 그러나 장기 기증과 무관하게 뇌사판정 절차가 진행된다면 장기 기증은 뇌사자와 그 유가족의 권리로 작용할 수 있다. 장기 기증이 뇌사자와 그 유가족의 권리로 해석되어야 뇌사자의 이타심이 훼손되지 않을 수 있다. 또한, 국내법은 뇌사자가 장기 기증에 동의하였더라도 뇌사자의 유족이 거부하면 뇌사자의 장기 기증을 허용하지 않는다. 이는 뇌사자의 생전 자기결정권을 침해하여 자율적인 이타 정신에 기반한 뇌사자의 존엄성을 훼손한다. 따라서 본 논문은 뇌사자의 존엄성을 지키기 위해 장기 기증과 무관하게 뇌사판정이 진행되어 뇌사판정을 장기 적출의 목적으로 축소하지 않고 뇌사자의 장기 기증에 대한 자기결정권을 침해하지 않아야 가능하다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 최근 연구 논문은 뇌사자의 보호자가 장기 기증을 승인하는 이유는 뇌사자의 이타 정신이 장기 기증에 반영되기를 원했기 때문임을 보여준다. 따라서, 뇌사자의 이타심에 대한 존엄성이 유지되기 위하여 뇌사자 유가족의 장기 기증 결정에 대한 공감적소통을 배려하는 의료서비스의 질적 향상 또한 요구된다. While organ donation from brain dead donors has been implemented since year 2000, it is necessary for us to promote dignity of brain-dead donors from various perspectives. Organ donation from brain-dead donors according to the <Internal Organs, Etc. Transplantation Act> raises a number of issues which may undermine dignity of brain-dead donors. This article proposes ways to improve dignity of brain-dead donors overlooked during the legislative process of the Act. Since Korean domestic criminal law recognizes cardiac death but not brain death, a brain-dead person is legally not a dead person but medically a dead person. The Act implemented with this contradiction approves legal determination procedure of brain death under the condition of organ donation, which diminishes a purpose of determination of brain death to obtaining organs from brain dead donors. According to the Act, organ donation is an obligation to get a legal determination procedure of brain death. If a legal determination of brain death would proceed regardless of organ donation, organ donation can be understood as a right for brain dead donors and their families. Only if organ donation is a right for organ donors, the altruistic decision of brain-dead donors would exercise their dignity. In addition, the Act does not approve organ donation of brain-dead persons with registration of organ donation, if her/his family guardians do not allow organ donation. This provision infringes their life-time right of decision for brain dead donors based on their altruistic decision. A minor amendment of the Act is necessary to improve dignity of brain-dead donors. First and foremost, determination of brain death needs to be conducted regardless of organ donation. And second, it is necessary to protect life-time right of decision for brain dead donors. In addition to an amendment of the Act, professionals engaged in the medical service involved in organ donation could improve dignity of brain-dead donors by upgrading quality of communication with brain dead donor families to give empathic consideration.

「장기 등 이식에 관한 법률」과 장기기증 문화에 대한 검토

정화성 ( Hwa Seong Jeong ) 중앙대학교 문화미디어엔터테인먼트법연구소 2013 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.7 No.1

의학의 발전, 생활수준의 향상, 생명의 연장 등으로 인하여 치료목적인 장기의 수요는 꾸준히 늘어나고 있으며, 앞으로도 더욱더 증가할 전망이다. 현대의학의 발달인 장기 이식은 사람의 생명을 연장시켜 주고 있으며, 장기이식을 통해서 다른 사람의 새로운 삶의 기회를 제공해 주게 되었다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 장기기증 문화가 활성화되어 있지 않아서 장기가 매우 부족한 상태이고, 그러한 상황에서 장기이식을 기다리다 사망하는 환자의 수는 매년 증가하고 있다. 오늘날 장기이식은 크게 기증자를 중심으로 살아있는 사람으로부터 장기를 이식하는 것과 사망한 사람으로부터 장기를 이식하는 것으로 구분하여 이를 법적으로 규율하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 장기기증과 관련된 문제점에서 보듯이, 장기기증과 관련된 제도와 법률은 기증자 중심이 아니라, 이식수술과 관련된 의료중심에 있다. 그리고 장기기증자나 가족에 대하여 기증 후에 그 가치를 인정해줄 수 있는 적절한 사회적인 예우제도도 없다. 또한 장기기증 활성화를 위해 일하는 민간단체들의 환경이 열악하여 장기기증의 필요성과 가치에 대해 홍보가 매우 부족한 것이 현실이지만, 모든 장기기증은 다른 사람을 위해 선행을 베풀고자하는 이타주의 정신을 가진 기증자와 유족들의 숭고한 결심에 의해서 이루어지는 행위이기 때문에 장기기증의 활성화 방안은 근본적으로 기증자 중심의 사고에서 시작되어야한다. 현재 장기기증이 이루어질 경우 정부에서는 일정액의 장례비와 위로금을 지급하고 있으나 비난의 가능성이 있는 금전적인 보상보다는 기증에 대한 적절한 사회적 예우를 고민하는 것이 더욱 필요하다. 또한 사망 후 또는 뇌사 시에 장기기증을 희망하는 사람들의 의사를 생전에 표시하기 위해서는 현재처럼 번거로운 등록제도가 아니라 자신의 운전면허증이나 의료보험증 등에 기증의사를 나타내는 기증의사표시제도를 도입하여 절차를 간소화한다면 기증희망자를 증가시킬 수 있다. 장기기증과 관련된 법률과 제도, 정부와 관련단체의 활동이 기증자와 기증희망자, 그 가족들을 중심으로 이루어져 개선된다면 그들은 진정한 가치와 보람을 갖게 되고 장기기증은 활성화 될 것이다. It is predicted that the demand for organ for the purpose of treatment that has been consistently rising due to the advancement of medicine, improvement in standards of living, and the prolongation of human life will increase steadily. The internal organ transplant, which represents advances in modern medicine, prolongs human`s life providing chances in life with patients. But there is an organ shortage crisis in Korea because an organ donation is not activated, which leads to the increasing number of deaths each year who has been waiting for organ transplants. Today, the organ transplant is classified into two separate categories with legal regulation, one from living-donor and the other after death. But the legal system of organ donation focuses on medical care involved with transplant operation, not placing emphasis on an organ donor which reflects the problems related to the organ donation in Korea. Moreover, there is no social respectful treatment for the donor and his families that appreciate the value of donation. The revitalization for organ donation should be set fundamentally from the perspective of donor, taking account of the noble resolution by donor and the family of the deceased who have altruistic mind that makes for those to perform good deedsfor patients, even though there is a significant lack of publicity about the necessity and value of organ donation by private organizations whose poor working conditions obstruct the activation of the donation. It is necessary to consider a proper way of social treatment for the donation rather than monetary incentives that might come in for criticism, albeit a portion of funeral expenses and compensation benefit from the government. Also, it would be possible to increase the number of interested donor if administrative procedures are streamlined, unlike current cumbersome registration processes, by introducing indication system on a driver`s license or health insurance card which reflects awillingness to donate organs to indicate one`s intention of donation after death or when declared brain dead. Consequently, the organ donation will be activated when both the rules and legal framework on the donation and the government, related organization action are improved revolving around the donor, interested donor and his families finding the donation worthwhile.

뇌사자 가족의 장기기증에 대한 경험 연구

홍정자,지성애 중앙대학교 의과대학 간호학과 간호과학연구소 2002 중앙간호논문집 Vol.6 No.1

The purpose of this study was to understand of experience about organ donation of brain death donor families by the use of analytical theory of Benner's Interpretive Phenomenology. The object was that what kind of experience did they feel during the organ donation. This research participants were 9 brain death donors' families who had experienced that organ donation from Jan. 1999 to Jan. 2000 and hospitalized from A. hospital in seoul. The data was collected and the contents of interview were recorded while interviewing deeply with the each participants from the January to August 2000. It took one half hours to two hours while interviewing. This research data was analysed in terms of Benner's Interpretive Phenomenoloic strategy tools which named paradigm case, thematic analysis, examlar. The conclusion that gained from this study which was based on experiences about organ donation of brain death donors families. The results of the study are as follows : At fist, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was shock as like falling down. During this stage, donors' families felt that being at a loss, loss of spirit. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was agonizing. agonizing appeared in all process that their experiences related organ donation. During this stage, they felt that as like crushing their heart, deep grief, unable to calm themselves. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was the fear about uncertainty. During this stage, they felt that frightening, appealed to medical staff for saving to life and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was having a hope to recovery. During this stage, they felt that unbelievable, having a hope. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donor's familirs was anger. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was the difficulty about accepting of brain death and decision of organ donation. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was want to information related to brain death and donation process, being together, emotional support by hospital staffs and relatives and needing the help on the funeral process. and next, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was beravement(loss of loved one's). During this stage, donors' families felt that loneliness, withdrawal of life, missing and guilty feeling.at last, the experience about organ donation of brain death donors' families was having a positive thining about organ donation. During this stage, dnors' families felt that they feel free from the guilty feeling and organ donation means Gift of life. This study itemize the experiences about organ donation of brian death donors' families by applying the analytical interpretive phenomenology of Benner. Based upon this study, the theory of benner which describes the experiences about organ donation of brain death donors' family is suitable for brain death donors' family care, cadaveric organ transplantation nursing.

불교의 생명존중사상과 장기기증의 관계

박웅혈구 중앙승가대학교 불교학연구원 2022 불교와 사회 Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between respect for life of buddhism and organ donation. The research problems of this study are as follows. First, what are the general characteristics of organ donors? Second, what are the motives for organ donation pledges? For this study, the attitude toward organ donation, the commitment attitude toward organ donation, the subjective knowledge about organ donation, and the issue involvement for organ donation were surveyed and questionnaires composed of open-ended questions about the motives for organ donation pledges were conducted. The data of 139 Buddhist believers were collected and analyzed by frequency analysis and descriptive statistics and the responses of qualitative questions were analyzed using CQR-M. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of examining the general characteristics of organ donors, The minimum age of organ donors is 20 years old, the maximum age is 63 years, and the mean age is 43.59 years, and the standard deviation is 13.057. In the case of gender, the female pledge is more than the male, and more than half are married. In terms of health status, normal, good, and very good were more than 90% of the total responses, and their health status was perceived as good. As a result of looking at the current residence type, living together with their spouse, parents, children, or spouse and children, spouse and parents was about 90%. In the case of the organ donation pledge period, 2008 was the oldest, and in particular, the number of pledges in 2015, 2016 and 2017 increased significantly. As a result of examining the descriptive statistics on the psychological characteristics related to organ donation by organ donors, organ donation attitude, organ donation pledge attitude, subjective knowledge of organ donation, and the issue involvement showed that the mean was all above normal(3.0). Second, as a result of searching for the motivation of organ donation pledge, six sub-categories were derived; publicity and providing sufficient information, connection with Buddhist monk, connection with Buddhism, impression from life of organ donated people, genuine respect for life, and mercy practice. In terms of frequency, practice mercy was the most, followed by publicity, sufficient information, and genuine respect for life. It is meaningful that this study provided basic information to enable organ donation activities based on Buddhism's life respect to help promote national donation. 본 연구는 장기기증 참여자들이 장기기증에 참여할 때 경험할 수 있는 심리적 경험, 즉 장기기증에 대한 태도와 참여 동기에 대해 불교의 생명존중 사상과 관련지어 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구문제는 첫째, 장기기증 서약자의 일반적인 특성은 어떠한가? 둘째, 장기기증 서약의 계기는 어떠한가? 이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 불교계 생명나눔실천본부를 통해서 장기기증 서약을 한 불자들을 대상으로 장기기증에 대한 태도, 장기기증에 대한 서약 태도, 장기기증에 대한 주관적 지식, 장기기증에 대한 이슈관여도 척도와 장기기증 서약 계기에 대한 개방형 질문으로 구성된 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 불자 139명의 데이터를 수집하여 양적 연구 데이터에 대하여 빈도분석과 기술통계 분석을 실시하였으며, 질적 응답을 분석하기 위하여 CQR-M을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 장기기증 서약자의 일반적인 특성과 장기기증 서약의 계기에 대해 탐색한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 서약 계기에서는 홍보 및 충분한 정보 제공, 불교와의 인연, 장기기증 받은 사람들의 삶으로부터의 감동, 생명존중에 대한 진정한 경외심, 자비를 실천하기 위해서의 5개 하위 영역이 도출되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 불교의 생명존중 사상 기반 장기기증 활동이 추후 국가적인 장기기증 활성화에 도움이 될 수 있도록 하는 데에 기초적인 정보를 제공하였다는 것에 의의가 있다.

고령자 웰다잉을 위한 법제 개선 방안 (2) — 장기・인체조직 기증을 중심으로 —

이은상 행정법이론실무학회 2024 행정법연구 Vol.- No.73

고령화가 급속히 진행됨에 따라 웰빙(Well-Being)과 대응하는 개념으로서 삶의 마지막을 어떻게 잘 마무리할 것인가라는 관점에서 죽음의 질을 추구하는 웰다잉(Well-Dying) 개념이 등장하게 되었다. 고령자 연구의 하나로서 법학적 관점에서 웰다잉에 관한 주요 쟁점 분야 중 장기・인체조직 기증 제도에 관한 법제 현황을 분석하고 개선점을 모색해 보는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 장기기증은 「장기등 이식에 관한 법률」에 의해 규율된다. 장기기증은 무상성과 자발적 의사에 의한 이웃사랑과 희생정신에 기반한 이타적인 행위로서 장기부전환자에게는 최후의 치료법이라는 점에서 장기기증 활성화가 필요하고, 그 기증자에게는 정당한 예우가 제공되어야 한다. 장기기증의 유형은 뇌사자의 기증, 사망자의 기증, 살아있는 사람의 기증으로 나눌 수 있는데, 뇌사자나 사망자의 기증은 비록 본인의 장기기증 동의가 있었더라도 가족 또는 유족의 명시적인 거부가 있으면 장기기증이 이루어질 수 없어 본인의 자기결정권 침해가 발생할 수 있다. 인체조직 기증은 「인체조직안전 및 관리 등에 관한 법률」에 의해 규율되는데, 장기기증에 관한 법체계・규율 내용과 유사하면서도 구체적으로는 기증 대상과 시기, 이식 시기와 요건 및 제한 등에서 차이가 있다. 고령자는 상대적으로 죽음을 더 가까이에 두고 있고 죽음을 준비하는 과정에서 장기등 기증에 관하여 진지하게 논의를 할 수 있으며, 기증희망이 실제 장기기증 및 이식으로 이어질 가능성이 높다는 점에 특색이 있다. 최근 의학기술의 발전으로 장기기증자 평균 연령이 상승하는 추세인 점도 고령자 장기기증 제도의 운영과 개선에 고려되어야 할 것이다. 고령자 본인의 장기・인체조직 기증 의사는 자신의 신체에 대한 인격권에 기반한 생전의 자기결정권 행사로서 최대한 존중되어야 하고, 장기 적출 거부에 관한 가족・유족의 자기결정권은 기증자 본인의 진정한 의사와 뜻을 존중하여 사망과 관련된 결정을 할 권한과 의무가 가족・유족에게 있다는 내재적・본질적 한계가 인정된다. 따라서 고령자 본인의 의사를 넘어서 가족이나 유족이 명시적으로 거부하여 장기・인체조직의 적출과 기증이 중단되도록 설계되어 있는 현행 「장기등 이식에 관한 법률」 제22조 제3항 제1호 단서 규정과 「인체조직안전 및 관리 등에 관한 법률」 제8조 제1항 제1호 단서 규정은 법・제도적으로 개선될 필요가 있다. 그 밖에 고령자 장기・인체조직 기증에 관한 법・제도적 개선 사항으로서 고령의 장기기증자에 대한 충분한 예우와 유족 지원의 강화, 장기・인체조직 기증에 관한 고령자・가족 대상의 죽음 교육 내용의 보완 등을 검토하였다. As a part of research on the elderly’s well-dying from a legal perspective, this paper aims to analyze the current status and seek improvements regarding human organs and tissue donation system. The Organs Transplant Act regulates the donation of human organs and certain tissue. This Act prescribes matters concerning the donation of organs, etc. and matters necessary for the removal and transplantation of organs, etc. of a persons. The Donation of human tissue that is not subject to the Organs Transplant Act is governed by the Safety and Management of Human Tissue Act. Although the two laws are similar in terms of the legal system and regulations regarding human organs and tissue donation, there are differences in the object and timing of donation, and timing, requirements and restrictions of transplantation. Because the elderly are relatively close to death, they seriously consider human organs and tissue donation or transplantation in the process of preparing for death, and their wills or wishes are more likely to lead to actual donation and transplantation. The average age of organ donors has been gradually increasing due to advancements in medical technology. Considering the characteristics of the elderly, this paper reviews ways to improve the legal and institutional system regarding the human organs and tissue donation. First, the concept of well-dying and the scope of research were established to discuss the human organs and tissue donation system from a legal perspective. Next, this paper reviews the current laws and operational status regarding the human organs and tissue donation. Based on these, in addition, this paper suggests measures to improve the legal and institutional system of the donation from the perspective of the elderly's well-dying. Specifically, the following four points are suggested: a) establishment of measures to improve family consent requirements to ensure maximum respect for the donor's will; b) sufficient courtesy or respect for donors and strengthening of support for bereaved families; c) supplementation of death-related education content for the elderly and their families regarding human organs and tissue donation; d) and expansion of the scope of donors.

뇌사자 장기기증의 윤리적 조건과 문화적 과제

문시영 한국기독교사회윤리학회 2007 기독교사회윤리 Vol.13 No.-

Organ donation would be a practice of agape for saving patient's life. It has noble and moral meaning for Christians and others also. It is an ethical alternative to dealing in human organs for organ transplants. But, in Korea, shortage of organ for transplants resulted to be cases of purchasing foreigner's organ, e. g. Chinese. Now, Korean churchs eagerly try to promote promise of organ donation from volunteers. In this context, this paper studied the moral justification and ethical conditions for organ donation. There are two ways to procure human organs for transplants: from living donor and from brain death people. This paper focused on the latter, ‘organ donation from brain death people. Now, there are some principles for donation of human organ including autonomy and informed consent. And the key concept is autonomous agree on ment. But it is difficult to certify for brain death people who agree on organ donation in form of ‘living will’. In this case, the only way to decide of organ donation is, what so called, the ‘presumed consent’ of family. Now, presumed consent has some ethical difficulties for rights of decision maker of those cases. Who can decide properly? And what's the grounds of organ donation of brain death people. Now, this paper recommends shift from presumed consent to living will. In other words, organ donation must be justified by autonomous consent and voluntary devotion for agape. Organ transplants have to do with technology and medical issues. But organ donation is an ethical issue which is morally justifiable under the condition of ethical autonomy. And this study propose a task of transformation of traditional bio-culture to biblical view of life and death for Christian of Korea.

임상간호사의 뇌사자 장기기증에 관한 지식과 태도

성혜미,손은영,이상은 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: This study investigated nurses' knowledge and attitude about brain death donation and identified influencing factors on knowledge and attitude with a modified questionnaire. Method: 205 nurses from 3 hospitals above 400 beds in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do participated in the survey, and it was about their knowledge and attitude about brain death organ donation. The data were analyzed by using SPSS WIN 10.0 program with frequency, percentages, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result: The correct answer rate of knowledge about brain death organ donation was 60.9%. The attitude score toward brain death organ donation was 3.33±0.33. Of these, the score for the positive items was 3.61±0.32, and the score of the negative items was 3.05±0.47. There were statistically significant differences in the scores on knowledge about brain death organ donation according to marital status(t=1.992, p=.048), deficit of parent(F=5.036, p=.007), health status(F=3.620, p=.029), job position(F=3.899, p=.022), working unit(F=6.598, p=.000), disease of family(F=2.987, p=.003), education on donation(t=-4.537, p=.000), experience handling the donation(t=-2.224, p=.027), working in the hospital performing of transplantation(t=-4.938, p=.000), working in a hospital performing of organ procurement(t=2.295, p=.023). There were statistically significant differences in the scores on the attitude on brain dead organ donation according to health status(F=4.204, p=.007), job position(F=6.918, p=.001). Significantly, the attitude was negatively correlated with the knowledge about brain dead organ donation(r=-.423, p=.000). Conclusions: It is necessary to provide positive education on knowledge of brain dead organ donation to nurses to encourage the attitude toward brain dead organ donation. And to promote brain death organ donation, relevant policies and effective campaigns need to be developed and put into effect.

부산시민의 장기기증의사에 관련된 요인

황병덕(Hwang, Byung-Deog),임복희(Im, Bock-Hee),정웅재(Jung, Woong-Jae) 한국산학기술학회 2011 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구는 부산시민을 대상으로 장기기증에 관련된 요인을 분석하여 장기기증에 관한 기초자료를 제공하고 나아가 본 조사로 인하여 장기기증에 관한 국민의식을 제고할 목적으로 시도되었다. 자료수집기간은 2009년 7월 14일부터 8월 31까지 47일 동안이었다. 자료의 수집방법은 설문조사로 총 2,200부를 배 부하여 2,042부를 최종분석 자료로 사용하였다. 자료 분석을 위해 한글 SPSS 17.0을 사용 하였으며, 대상자의 인구사회학적인 특성은 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 대상 자의 장기기증에 대한 태도는 요인분석 후 T-test 와 ANOVA 분석을 하였고, 장기기증의사에 영향을 미치는 인구사 회학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대상자 중 장기기증에 대하여 들은 경험이 있는 경우는 71.6%이었다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성이 장기기증의사에 미치는 영향요인으로는 성별, 본인이나 가족의 만성병 또는 불치병여부, 종교, 수용적태도요인, 배타적태도요인 그리고 권유적태도요인이었다. 이상의 결과에서 장기기증에 대한 국민들의 인식도를 높이고 사회적 공감대를 형성하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 방송과 같은 대중적인 매스미디어를 통한 지속적인 대국민 홍보활동이 중요하며, 이러한 노력을 통하여 장기기증에 대한 인 식의 전환을 유도하여야 할 것이다. This study aims at providing basic data on organ donation by analyzing factors of influencing toward intention to organ donation and further at improving people's consciousness on organ donation, subject to citizens of Busan City. The data was collected for 47 days from 14 July to 31 August, 2009. Among a total of 2200 cases of the questionaries, only 2042 cases were used. For data analysis, SPSS 17.0 was used, and for the specific analysis method frequency analysis to understand general characteristics of the participants. In addition, examination on T-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted after analyzing the factors for participants' consciousness on organ donation, and logistic regression analysis for understanding of relations between participants' will to donate organs and general characteristics. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, among the participants, those who have heard about organ donations were 71.6%. Second, the factors that general characteristics influence on the attitudes towards organ donation include gender, chronic diseases or incurable diseases in the respondents or their family, religion, acceptive attitude factor, exclusive attitude factor and positive attitude factor towards organ donation. Based on the results, in order to raise people's consciousness on organ donation and form social sympathy, more than anything else, public mass media like broadcasting is important. In addition, as organ donation centers and related institutions prepare nationwide events, we should endeavor to prepare the opportunities in various ways to converse people's consciousness on organ donation and further put organ donation into practice.

비영리조직의 투명성을 통한 기부문화 활성화 방안

서희열(Suh Hi Youl) 한국조세연구포럼 2016 조세연구 Vol.16 No.1

우리나라는 최근 사회복지 및 공익증진에 대한 국민의 요구가 지속적으로 증가하고 있고, 이러한 요구를 충족시키기 위해서는 보다 효과적인 비영리조직의 투명성을 통한 기부활성화 방안이 더욱 요구되고 있다. 따라서 비영리조직의 투명성을 확보하기 위하여는 비영리조직의 공익성 검증체계의 개선, 관리체계의 개선, 관리체계의 정보공개 개선 및 정보공개 개선 등이 필요하다. 본 연구는 기부문화를 활성화하기 위한 비영리조직의 투명성 확보방안을 구체적으로 제시하고자 한다. 또한 비영리조직의 투명성 확보방안을 제시함으로써 개인과 법인의 기부금이 국민의 복지 증진과 공익증진에 알맞게 사용되었는지 신뢰할 수 있는 사회적 기반을 조성하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 비영리조직의 투명성에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 비영리조직 공익성 검증체계의 개선방안으로 비영리조직 등록제도의 도입, 비영리조직 공익성 검증체계의 개선, 기타 기부금의 투명성 확보 방안을 제시하였다. 둘째, 비영리조직 관리체계의 개선방안으로 비영리조직 관리체계의 일원화, 허위 기부금영수증 발급에 대한 관리 철저, 비영리조직 평가기관의 설치를 제안하였다. 셋째, 비영리조직 정보공개제도의 개선방안으로는 정보공개 대상의 확대, 정보공개의 필요, 외부감사자료의 미제출시 강력한 제재, 공익법인 외부감사대상의 선정을 각각 제안하였다. Korean society hasn"t built up sufficient social trust yet in transparency of non-profit organizations and use of contributions. When donations that one makes are properly used; a non-profit organization is transparently managed and; the non-profit organization"s business can be adequately notified to the contributor, a sound donation culture can be activated in our society. As a donation culture activation plan through non-profit organization"s transparency, this study presents improvement plans for: public interest verifying system, managing system and information disclosure system of non-profit organizations respectively. First, regarding the improvement plan for public interest verifying system, as the current tax privilege granted to all of non-profit organizations incurs an issue of undermining validity of tax support, it needs to be revised that public interest should be verified in advance and then tax deduction should be given only to non-profit organizations that satisfy the verification requirements, for example, corporate tax exemption for profits from business with a proper purpose only with approved corporations for public interests, non-inclusion of inheritance and gift tax value, deduction of income or corporate tax from contributors, etc. In addition, a comprehensive management agency which takes full charge of supervision and follow-up management on non-profit organizations whose public interest is fully verified is also necessary to improve transparency through thorough verification of public interest and strict supervision and management on non-profit organizations (approved corporations for public interests) whose public interest is approved and to provide one stop service for supporting the non-profit organizations with approved public interest. For such a management agency, National Tax Service adopted in US and independent committee implemented in England and Japan can be considered as options. Second, as the improvement plan for non-profit organization"s managing system, another comprehensive management agency which is exclusively responsible for managing non-profit organizations that receive tax benefits is also needed to enhance transparency with tight management and supervision on corporations for public interests including non-profit organizations and to provide one stop service as well for supporting the non-profit organizations. Taxation authority also needs to impose tax by drastically increasing additional tax rate than it is currently imposed when detailed donations statement is untruthfully issued or when one benefits from false contribution deduction. For radical reform for non-profit organizations, there should be a rating agency targeting non-profit organizations. Rather than the state"s direct rating for non-profit organizations, it would be more effective to have civic groups participate in the rating procedure. Third, for the improvement plan on non-profit organization"s information disclosure system, it is needed to expand the range of non-profit organizations which are subject to public announcement and to external auditing and the documents subject to information disclosure and to enforce sanctions upon non-profit organizations that do not submit external auditing materials or that are of denial of opinion, disqualified opinion or except for opinion from the external auditing.

우리나라 ‘장기 등 이식에 관한 법률’의 윤리적 검토

구인회 한국법철학회 2008 법철학연구 Vol.11 No.1

The ‘Organ Transplantation Law’ of Korea was established in February 1999 and enforced in February 2000, which was enacted to save lives and improve the quality of life of organ recipients. It is particularly important to follow the stringent rules and regulations of decision-making processes stipulated in the Act to safeguard the dignity of potential “brain-death” organ donors. This study provides various recommendations for improvements to the current Human Organ Transplantation Law. The law should also clearly prohibit the sale of human organs and the donation of organs from minors. Autonomous consent must be respected in donation. Brain death should be determinated clearly and precisely by means of a simple process. Organs should be allocated fairly. In order to avoid delays in decisions concerning organ transplantation, the current organization and role of the Brain Death Determination Committee should be re-considered. The ‘Organ Transplantation Law’ of Korea was established in February 1999 and enforced in February 2000, which was enacted to save lives and improve the quality of life of organ recipients. It is particularly important to follow the stringent rules and regulations of decision-making processes stipulated in the Act to safeguard the dignity of potential “brain-death” organ donors. This study provides various recommendations for improvements to the current Human Organ Transplantation Law. The law should also clearly prohibit the sale of human organs and the donation of organs from minors. Autonomous consent must be respected in donation. Brain death should be determinated clearly and precisely by means of a simple process. Organs should be allocated fairly. In order to avoid delays in decisions concerning organ transplantation, the current organization and role of the Brain Death Determination Committee should be re-considered.