전 방위 총력안보태세 확립 연구 - 민관군 통합방위체계 재정립 방안을 중심으로-

이윤규 ( Lee Yoon Gyu ) 미래군사학회 2016 한국군사학논총 Vol.5 No.2

All-round total security readiness comply with the changed security concept, and should be developed according to our security environment. The concept of security against the traditional military threat has been developed as a slogan of the independent national defense. But in the circumstances of globalization of 21st century, the concept of security has been remarkably changed and expanded from the traditional military threat to the military and non-military domains. This means the concept of traditional independent national defense could not guarantee us the national security. The newly emerging security threats such as cyber warfare, terrorism, GPS jamming, natural and social disaster, etc should be included in the integrated defense planning process. Furthermore the demand of civilian sector`s active participation to National Defense Organization which are mainly organized by the elements of national defence such as military, police and national agencies has been increasing. The detailed requirements are as follows. Firstly, the concept of integrated defense should be developed to response effectively newly emerging national security threats both wartime, peace time and military, non-military threats. Secondly, the condition of the declaration and the phase of integrated defense posture should be simplified to meet the comprehensive national security concept according to wartime and peace time. Thirdly, the defense system of the nationally and socially critical infrastructures should be effectively updated according to the expanded military, non-military threats and changing integrated defense environment as the integrated defense role. Fourthly, central administrative agencies need to construct all-round national security systems and to execute their missions with the local autonomous entity to enhance all-round natinoal security. And all issues should be legislated. Fifthly, for the quick reaction in the initial stage and prevention of terror which becomes internationally daily incidents, the integrated defense law and counter terrorism law should be updated to clear the any conflicts between agencies, and the road to seamless coordinations. Sixthly, national level of disasters such as the demage from typhoon, earthquake, infectious disease, environmental problem should be effectively resolved involving the national integrated defense elements timely. Lastly, Suggestions presented above should be reviewed through top-down and bottom-up process to avoid any conflicts and to implement the specified role by updating laws and systems. Additionally, north Korea`s aggression become increasing really as national security threats, and we have been experiencing the national level of natural and social disasters such as current Kyungjoo earthquake, typhoon "maemi" and Daegu metro explosion incident and Saewolho sinking incident, etc. Therefore, The requirements of newly developed concept for national security from military and non-military threats in wartime and peace time from individuals to national systems, and the critical issues of the integrated defense systems(civil, administrative and military) should be executed in timely manner.

노인세대 위협에 대한 인식 척도 개발

김지연,민경환,김민희 한국사회및성격심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.28 No.4

This research reports the development and psychometric properties of the Perceived Threat to Elderly Group Scale(PTES), a measure of the perceived threat to the elderly group for young and middle-aged adults. Based on Stephan's intergroup threat theory, this study assumed that young and middle-aged people would perceive a realistic threat and a symbolic threat to elderly group. To fill the need for a measure of young and middle-aged adults' perceived threat to the elderly group, we developed PTES. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using two samples. Analyses identified a model with three factors: perceived political threat, perceived value threat, and perceived economic threat. Multi-group factor analysis demonstrated that PTES could be used across different age groups. Internal consistency for PTES subscale scores were good. Testing the association between PTES and the related constructs demonstrated that the PTES has good concurrent and incremental validity, and is almost unaffected by social desirability. The findings suggest that PTES is a reliable and valid scale that measure the extent which to young and middle-aged adults' perceived threat to elderly group. 본 연구의 목적은 청장년 세대가 노인세대가 위협적이라고 인식하는 수준을 측정할 수 있는 신뢰롭고 타당한 척도를 개발하는 것이다. 노인차별 연구에서는 비교적 오래전부터 노인에 대한 인식에 관심을 가져왔다. 그러나 청장년 세대와 노인세대의 관계적 측면을 고려한 노인세대에 대한 인식에 관한 관심은 비교적 최근에 시작되었다. 본 연구에서는 Stephan 등(2009)의 집단 간 위협 이론을 근거로 집단관계를 고려했을 때 청장년 세대는 노인세대로부터 실질적 위협 인식과 상징적 위협 인식을 가질 가능성이 있다고 가정하고 이를 측정할 수 있는 문항을 개발하였다. 척도의 요인구조를 확인하고 척도에 포함될 적절한 문항을 선별하기 위하여 20대부터 50대까지의 성인남녀 303명으로 구성된 표본A를 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하고, 20대부터 50대까지의 성인남녀 171명으로 구성된 표본B를 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하여 최종적으로 노인세대 위협에 대한 인식이 정치적 위협 인식, 가치관 위협 인식, 경제적 위협 인식의 3요인 구조임을 확인하고 총 9문항으로 구성된 척도를 완성하였다. 노인세대 위협에 대한 인식 척도가 상이한 연령 집단에게 동일하게 적용될 수 있는지 확인하기 위해 20대 집단과 30대부터 50대까지의 집단의 두 집단을 대상으로 다집단 동등성 검사를 실시했는데 형태동일성, 측정동일성, 절편동일성이 모두 충족되는 것으로 나타났다. 신뢰도를 확인하기 위하여 척도의 전체 및 하위요인의 내적합치도를 확인하였는데 적절한 수준이었다. 또한 타당도 및 사회적 바람직성과의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 표본A와 표본B 중 20대 참여자를 대상으로 관련 변인과의 상관분석을 실시하고, 노인차별주의를 종속변수로 하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하고, 사회적 바람직성과의 상관분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 노인세대 위협에 대한 인식은 관련 변인과 적절한 수준의 상관을 보이고, 다른 변인을 통제하고도 노인차별주의 변량을 추가적으로 설명하고, 사회적 바람직성과는 유의한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 노인세대 위협에 대한 인식 척도가 신뢰롭고 타당한 도구임을 의미한다.

통합방위제도의 발전과정과 현대 한국사회에 대한 함의

홍창국,김기훈 육군군사연구소 2016 군사연구 Vol.- No.142

Despite the rapid political, economical, and social changes in domestic and international environments, the integrated defense system of South Korea has developed a unique tradition and expertise. South Korea's integrated defense system is the solidest, friendliest and the most efficient defense system in the world. This paper aims to investigate the contextual implications of the integrated defense system from the behaviors of the members of the society and the society itself which lives an ordinary life regardless of increasing threat of North Korea in 2016. We discussed the relationship in which the institutions and community members interact through public, organizational and social activities from the sociocultural perspective which emphases voluntary participation under policies or programs. The first implication which the thesis connotes is that the system has a social-integrated structure and function which responses to any external threats. Secondly, it had the interrelationship as a defense system as a regional security community. The integrated defense system is underlain by the complete law system, and forms interconnection and sharing by the communities, the members, the central and the local governments, and the available resources. With identities as a social value, it has had the meaning as it leads to unite members of local authorities and to prepare for the threat. The significance of this study is to enhance the current national security posture and to raise the academic value while North Korea intensifies its threat and aggressive behaviors. 급속하게 변화하는 국내외의 정치.경제.사회적 변화에도 불구하고 한국의 통합방위제도는 고유한 전통성과 전문성을 발전시켜 왔다. 한국의 통합방위제도는 세계적으로 가장 견고하고 효율적이며 사회친화적인 방위제도이다. 본고는 2016년 현재 증가하고 있는 북한의 현저한 위협 속에서 일상생활을 영위하는 사회와 그 구성원들의 행태에서 통합방위제도와의 맥락적 함의를 고찰하고자 하였다. 어떠한 정책이나 제도 속에 자발적 참여를 중시하는 사회문화적 관점에서 공공적, 조직적, 사회적 활동으로서의 제도와 사회 구성원과의 상호작용 관계를 논의 하였다. 논제가 주는 함의는 첫째, 외부위협에 대응 가능한 사회 통합적 구조와 기능을 가진 제도라는 것이다. 둘째, 지역단위 안보 공동체 성격의 방위 제도로서 상호관계성을 지니고 있었다. 통합방위제도는 완전한 법령 체계를 구비하면서 사회와 구성원, 중앙정부와 지방, 가용 자원 등이 상호 연결과 공유를 형성하고 있다. 사회적 가치로서의 정체성과 함께 지방자치 구성원들을 결집시키고 위협에 대비하는 제도로서의 의미를 가지고 있었다. 연구 의의는 위협의 강도를 증가시키고 있는 북한의 호전적인 행태 속에 현재의 국가안보제도를 되짚어보고 학술적 가치를 제고하였다는데 있다.

Europe Divided: How Different Threat Perception Towards Russia Inhibits Military Integration In Europe

임상수 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2022 社會科學硏究 Vol.48 No.3

Military integration has been the source of debate in Europe ever since the end of World War II, the debate intensifying due to increasing Russian threat since 2010s. However, despite increasing voice for the need to integrate militarily, there has been very little actual progress in military integration in Europe. What factors are behind such stagnant state of European military integration? This paper argues that Stephen Walt’s balance of threat theory can contribute to explaining the puzzling phenomenon. Applying the theory to the European case, this paper shows that the Eastern and Western Europeans are likely to have different degree of threat perception towards Russia. Such difference is largely caused by two factors: 1) difference in national aggregate power, 2) different geographical proximity to the Russian threat. As a result, more highly threatened Eastern Europeans tend to distrust European military integration and prefer NATO as more certain way of balancing the Russian threat. The findings imply that it is unlikely for large-scale European military integration to take place in the near future.

드론 사이버위협에 따른 효과적 대응방안에 관한 연구

최성재(Sungjae Choi),노정민(Jung-Min Roh),김상하(Sang-Ha Kim) 육군사관학교 화랑대연구소 2022 한국군사학논집 Vol.78 No.3

Technologies related to the drone industry are developing rapidly around the world. It goes beyond the level of simply shooting an image, and is equipped with various sensors suitable for the role it performs. It is used to monitor and strike enemies, to be used in disaster situations, and to transport goods and monitor the environment, and its utilization is rapidly increasing. Drones used for various purposes are combined with flight sensors such as wireless receivers, flight controllers, and gyroscopes. And it is composed of various equipment such as Lotus telecommunication module, GPS receiver, and camera. If we broadly group these devices, we can classify the drone vehicle that actually moves in the air, the ‘wireless communication part’ that distributes information, controls and controls drone flying vehicles, stores and ‘ground control system’ that is analyzed information obtained from sensors. As the use of drones increases, various threats that interfere with the normal operation of drone components also increase. These threats sometimes pose not only a threat to the environment and individuals, but also a fatal threat to national security. In order to operate a drone stably, the confidentiality, integrity, and validity of the system constituting the drone and the data being distributed must be guaranteed. In addition, it is necessary to identify various threats of attackers attacking the drone system in advance and to remove the identified threats. To this end, various cyber threats that interfere with the normal operation of the drone system studied so far are systematically analyzed for each component of the drone, I would like to suggest a way to effectively eliminate the identified threats.

외국인 유학생과의 집단 간 접촉이 국내 대학생의 글로벌 역량에 미치는 영향에 대한 통합적 갈등의 매개효과

김성훈 ( Kim Seong Hun ),이경화 ( Lee Kyung Hwa ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2017 교육문화연구 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 국내 대학생의 외국인 유학생과의 집단 간 접촉이 글로벌역량에 미치는 영향 및 통합적 갈등의 매개효과를 확인하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 전국 8개 대학교 468명을 대상으로 집단간 접촉 8문항, 통합적 갈등 13문항, 글로벌역량 17문항 등 총 38문항으로 구성된 설문지로 조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째로 외국인 유학생과 국내 대학생 간의 집단 간 접촉은 글로벌역량에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 상대적인 영향력은 양적접촉, 질적접촉 순이었다. 둘째로 통합적 갈등은 글로벌역량에 부적으로 유의한 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째는 통합적 갈등 중에서 현실적 갈등이 집단 간 접촉이 글로벌역량에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 국내 대학생의 글로벌역량 향상에 집단 간 접촉이 중요하다는 점을 시사한다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 국내 대학생의 글로벌역량 향상을 위한 대학에서의 교육과정 구성 방안 마련에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intergroup contact with foreign students on the global competence of Korean university students and to provide a program for improving the global competency of university students by confirming the mediating effect of integrated threat. The data for this study were collected through questionnaires, and 468 college students attending 8 private universities in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, Chung-cheong, Gang-won and Busan were selected. The data were processed using SPSS 22.0 program to perform the One-way ANOVA and the hierarchical method styled Multiple Regression Analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows First, intergroup contact between Korean university students and foreign students has a significant effect on global competence, and contact quantity had more influence on global competence than contact quality. Second, the integrated threat showed negatuve effect for global competence. Based on the results of this study, higher education institutions can provide practical implications for strengthening global competency. In the future, specific and more detailed programs and education systems related to strengthening global competency of university students will be needed.

Linkages between North Korean Nuclear Deterrence on the Korean Peninsula and Integrated Deterrence in the Indo-Pacific Region

앤드류 여 사단법인 한국국가전략연구원 2023 한국국가전략 Vol.8 No.2

The Biden administration sees integrated deterrence within the broad context of China as the long term “pacing threat” and Russia as an immediate, acute threat. However, there is also increasing recognition that specific security challenges, such as escalated tensions on the Taiwan Strait and the Korean Peninsula, are not isolated from great power geopolitical competition. This paper examines the degree to which nuclear deterrence on the Korean Peninsula is connected to integrated deterrence in the Indo-Pacific region. At the heart of this debate is whether and how measures to deter North Korea ranging from strengthening U.S. extended deterrence, to tightening U.S.-Japan-South Korea trilateral cooperation, to developing indigenous South Korean nuclear weapons might affect regional stability in the Indo-Pacific. I argue that in an increasingly networked security architecture, linkages across conflicts will become more apparent. As such, policymakers should identify linkages between integrated deterrence in the Indo-Pacific and nuclear deterrence on the Korean Peninsula and consider how strengthening deterrence in one area exacerbates or mitigates deterrence in other conflicts. To better situate North Korean deterrence within a framework of Indo-Pacific deterrence, policymakers should continue developing U.S.-Japan-South Korea trilateral cooperation as a platform for addressing broader Indo-Pacific issues. I also suggest how conflict in the Taiwan Strait carries important implications for the U.S. alliance system in the Indo-Pacific (including the U.S.-South Korea alliance) and aggravates tensions on the Korean Peninsula, highlighting the need for greater planning and coordination among allies.

점진적 기계학습 기반의 레이더 위협체 역추정 모델 생성 및 갱신

김철표,노상욱 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2017 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.4

다양한 전자전 상황에서 단위 위협체에 대하여 전자전 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 수행할 수 있는 통합 전자전 시뮬레이터의 개발 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 전자전 상황에서 전자정보 수집신호의 변수를 기반으로 전자파신호를 발산하는 레이더 위협을 역추정하기 위한 시뮬레이션 시스템의 구성요소를 분석하고, 역추정 모델을 점진적으로 유지할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 실험을 통하여 점진적 역추정 모델 갱신 기법의 유효성 및 개별 역추정결과의 통합 기법을 평가한다. 개별 역추정 모델의 생성을 위하여 의사결정트리, 베이지안 분류기, 인공신경망 및유클리디안 거리 측정방식과 코사인 유사도 측정방식을 활용하는 군집화 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 첫 번째 실험에서레이더 위협체에 대한 역추정 모델을 구축하기 위한 위협 예제의 크기를 점진적으로 증가시키면 역추정 모델의 정확도는 향상되었으며, 이러한 과정이 반복되면 역추정 모델에 대한 정확도는 일정한 값으로 수렴하였다. 두 번째 실험에서는 개별 역추정 모델의 결과를 통합하기 위하여 투표, 가중투표 및 뎀스터-쉐이퍼 알고리즘을 이용하였으며, 역추정 모델의 통합 결과는 뎀스터-쉐이퍼 알고리즘에 의한 역추정 정확도가 가장 좋은 성능을 보였다. Various electronic warfare situations drive the need to develop an integrated electronic warfare simulator that can perform electronic warfare modeling and simulation on radar threats. In this paper, we analyze the components of a simulation system to reversely model the radar threats that emit electromagnetic signals based on the parameters of the electronic information, and propose a method to gradually maintain the reverse extrapolation model of RF threats. In the experiment, we will evaluate the effectiveness of the incremental model update and also assess the integration method of reverse extrapolation models. The individual model of RF threats are constructed by using decision tree, naive Bayesian classifier, artificial neural network, and clustering algorithms through Euclidean distance and cosine similarity measurement, respectively. Experimental results show that the accuracy of reverse extrapolation models improves, while the size of the threat sample increases. In addition, we use voting, weighted voting, and the Dempster-Shafer algorithm to integrate the results of the five different models of RF threats. As a result, the final decision of reverse extrapolation through the Dempster-Shafer algorithm shows the best performance in its accuracy.

중국의 부상과 일본 안보전략의 변화

신정화 국가안보전략연구원 2012 국가안보와 전략 Vol.12 No.2

Japan and China are the two countries that play major roles as the head of East Asian nations for international relations decision-making, and the relationship between the two countries itself has been greatly affecting this certain part of the world’s order. Japan has been struggling over the issues of economic depression and political crisis since the 1990’s. On the contrary, China has been drastically strengthening its power militarily on the base of fast growing economy. As a result of these changes, the form of relationship between the two countries has been changing in the sense of re-arrangement of authority, not only between Japan and China but also among the entire East Asian nations, the order that has been set since modernization. Japan has been cautious of China’s growing power. Japan insisted that China would come forth with explanation to prove the innocence of their national defense spending, and also attempted to integrate China into the U.S.A-Japan Security Alliance through deterrence in the 1990’s. In the 2000’s, Japan considered China to be the potential threat for China’s such fast modernization of navy and air force and its illegal activities done on Japan’s coastal regions. Japan strengthened the defenses, tightened the US-Japan alliance and made good cooperation with the Community of Nations all in the attempts of taking a guarded position against this fast-upgrowing nation, having chosen ‘integration’ and ‘deterrence’ as their ways of doing so. Since the beginning of 2010’s in which the incident of Senkaku Inslands dispute was occurred, Japan has been pushing ahead rather stronger ‘deterrence’ defense policy against China, the country that was now categorized as ‘direct threat’. Despite Japan’s various effort put into fight against China’s threats, Japan’s such attempts are also functioning as a peace-breaking factor among the East Asian nations as much as the negative effect the growing power of China’s military is having on these nations’ unification. 일본과 중국은 동아시아 국제관계를 결정하는 역내 주요 국가이며, 양국관계는 동아시아 질서에 매우 큰 영향을 미쳐왔다. 1990년대 이후 일본은 경제침체와 정치적 불안정에 시달려 왔다. 이와는 대조적으로 중국은 급격한 경제 성장을 이루면서, 그를 배경으로 군사력를 강화시켜 왔다. 이 결과, 근대 이래의 일본우위의 양국관계가 변화하고 있으며, 동아시아 국제질서도 동요하고 있다. 중국의 ‘대국’화를 일본은 경계해 왔다. 1990년대 일본은 중국에 대해 국방비의 ‘투명성’을 요구하는 한편, 미일안보체제의 틀 안으로 중국을 ‘통합’하고자 했다. 2000년대에는 중국 해·공군의 급속한 근대화와 일본 근해에서의 불법 활동의 증가를 배경으로 중국을 ‘잠재적 위협’으로 인식했다. 이에 따라, 방위력의 강화, 미일동맹체제의 긴밀화, 국제사회와의 협력을 통해 중국을 ‘통합’하는 동시에 ‘억지’하고자 했다. 그리고 2010년대에 들어와서는 ‘센가쿠섬사건’을 계기로 중국을 ‘직접적 위협’으로 인식하면서, ‘억지’를 중심으로 한 전략을 추진하고자 한다. 그러나 중국에 대항하기 위해 추진되는 일본의 다양한 시도 역시 중국의 군사력 강화와 동일하게 동아시아의 평화와 안정을 저해하는 요인으로 작용하고 있다.

제주 복합리조트 카지노 사업에 대한 지역주민의 위협인식이 태도에 미치는 영향

홍성범 ( Hong Seong-bum ),오상훈 ( Oh Sang-hoon ),박운정 ( Park Oun-jung ) 한국컨벤션학회 2016 MICE관광연구 Vol.16 No.3

An integrated resort has high competitiveness in attracting foreign tourists with a focus on the casino which activates the local economy by creating employments. Meanwhile, it has been noticed that local residents exhibit negative attitude toward the casino business, which results in delaying the process of integrated resort development plan. Therefore, this study aims to theoretically review the four integrated threat factors that local residents perceive toward the casino business and empirically apply them to the two cases of integrated resort development in Jeju. Research hypotheses focus on testing the impact of integrated threat recognition on the casino business on the residents`` attitude toward integrated resort development plan. The results report that the three factors including the anxiety between groups, realistic threat, and symbolic threat significantly decide the level of residents attitude toward integrated resort development. Among the three factors, it has been confirmed that symbolic threat has relatively the highest influence.