민간/군 감항인증 차이점 고찰을 통한 군용항공기 감항인증의 효율적 발전방향

이정열 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2017 국내석사

After the Military Airworthiness Certification law was passed on April 1st 2009, many achievements have been established. In spite of a great advance in the military airworthiness certification area for approximately 7 years, the room for improvement still remains in the following areas: domestic production of military aircraft parts and components, sustainable airworthiness certification, improvement of domestic military certification agency organization. In this study, civilian and military aircraft airworthiness certification were compared and their improvements and coordinations were investigated in order to establish and classify the future military aircraft airworthiness certification systems and scope. Also, the domestic and international case studies of military aircraft airworthiness certification were investigated in this study. Although airworthiness certification systems and procedures are running in the military, currently there is no detail procedure of airworthiness certification dedicated to parts and components only. Domestic manufacturers have faced a difficulty in producing the parts and components because there is a limited usage of domestic manufactured parts and components on the military aircraft, and a lack of confidence in compensating for the domestic development costs. Since the aircraft system developers and program hosts depend on foreign purchase of parts and components, there is a barrier in the growth of the domestic aviation industry. Furthermore, this leads to a lack of high value programs and high-tech developments. Sustainable airworthiness certification requires a heavy amount of workforce and time, and currently the military is performing the self inspection. It needs to be improved in the process of airworthiness certification. Also, the enhancement plans of organization, individuals, facility, business for an airworthiness certification should be investigated and the effective certification agency suitable to the Republic of Korea's circumstances must be established. Furthermore, current civilian and foreign cases of airworthiness certification should be investigated in detail and a research on expected future problems will be made in order to establish an effective system for military aircraft airworthiness certification of parts and components. Also, the investigation and analysis were made in the following areas for improvements: the organization of systems of military aircraft, an effective system in sustainable airworthiness after delivering the certified aircraft to the required military, transparency in the organization and decision making. Therefore, this study has suggested the effective military aircraft airworthiness organization and certification system by analyzing the problems of the current airworthiness certification of parts and components. The human qualification, procedural enhancement, work efficiency, data management of airworthiness are considered to be improved by enhancing the connectivity between technical airworthiness and sustainable airworthiness. Also, the direction of improvement for a military aircraft airworthiness certification agency was suggested by enhancing the organization and independency of the airworthiness certification agency, and through work efficiency and professionalism.

항공기 인증과 정비가 감항성에 미치는 영향

이임주 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2013 국내석사

Since Korea is still in the initial stage of an airworthiness certification system of military aircraft which is strongly necessary to secure the flight safety and to promote the export of military aircraft, there are not many related researches to consult in this topic and especially aviation mechanics don't realize the importance of airworthiness as well as maintenance which is one of the core factors of continuous airworthiness. Therefore, this study was conducted with two different objectives. One is to arrange achievements and changes after the enforcement of a related law, and the other one is to investigate the correlation between airworthiness and maintenance actions currently taken by ROKAF. To investigate the certification system of civil aircraft, this study compared the structure, functions and process of FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), which plays a role as the U.S. airworthiness authority, with those of Office of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, which functions as a Korean airworthiness authority. Besides, to perform the research on the certification system of military aircraft, this study examined the US Navy and Army as well as the USAF and compared their airworthiness certification systems with the Korean airworthiness certification system of military aircraft. This thesis will be considered really valuable as a first research conducted on the correlation between maintenance and airworthiness in Korea. Since it is the first thesis published after the enforcement of Act on the Airworthiness Certification of Military Aircraft, this thesis is useful enough to arrange all the achievements and changes made from the time of law enforcement to the present. To increase the reliability of this thesis, the author of this study intensively reviewed other research materials, and through the comparison with the U.S. Airworthiness Certification System, as one of the most advanced countries in the field of aviation. This study attempted to suggest a future development direction for the present Korean airworthiness certification system of military aircrafts. Consequently, this study plays an important role in helping aviation mechanics realize the effect of their maintenance actions as the main agent on continuous airworthiness, by reinterpreting airworthiness with principal maintenance actions taken by ROKAF. Moreover, this study made an effort to develop the field of airworthiness certification in Korea, by suggesting requirements to be additionally reviewed by ROKAF in the initial stage of an airworthiness certification system of military aircraft.

개념설계 단계에서의 회전익 항공기 중량예측 방법론 연구

임병욱 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2013 국내석사

The aircraft weight parameter is one of the most important component with significant impact on aircraft performance and cost during initial design phase. The use of an inaccurate weight information can generate unreliable results of the performance and cost estimation which can cause increase of errors in other design factors. The weight estimation is mainly dependent on the historical aircraft statistical data during concept design phase. This method is widely used in the aircraft design community or LRU (Line Replaceable Unit) weight of an existing aircraft. The so-called Prouty weight estimation method is a formula-based approach. However, this method, which was originally derived for the civil aircraft, is cumbersome to apply to the military aircraft weight estimation. In this study, two methods, empirical and Prouty's formula-based weight estimation algorithms, are compared for the weight estimation in the conceptual design phase of a military rotorcraft.

군용항공기 유지감항 제도 발전에 대한 고찰

안상천 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2019 국내석사

Since the enactment of the "Act on the Certification of Flight Safety of Military Aircraft" in 2009, the Republic of Korea Air Force(ROKAF), along with the Defense Acquisition Program Administration, has achieved the current achievements in the field of technology interception in a short period of time. However, in the field of continuing airworthiness system over the life cycle of aircraft, we are currently working in accordance with the provisions prior to 2009 and have prepared this paper for the change in recognition of the personnel concerned and for the development of the system. First, this paper introduces the procedure and system on the certificate of airworthiness and confirms the recent trends of the air-developed country's airworthiness certificate system. In addition, improvements are identified by checking DOC 9760 for the international civil aviation(ICAO) body's airworthiness personnel requirements, and by cross-reparing and analyzing the status of continuing airworthiness of the U.S. Air Force and Australian Armed Forces, both civil aviation and aviation advanced countries, with the continuing airworthiness system of the Republic of Korea Air Force. Then, on the development of military aircraft continuing airworthiness, this paper makes suggestions on the two main issues. This provides suggestions for the balanced development of personnel, as well as the provision of "Technical Airworthiness" centered on certification at the aircraft production stage, "Continuing Airworthiness" at the operational stage. Recognizing that the main elements of the Air Force's maintenance control are the fleet-related personnel who check and fly aircraft on a daily basis, the introduction of systems such as specialized and disaggregated task regulations on aircraft continuing airworthiness through maintenance and control officers in frontline maintenance departments and the determination of airworthiness through industrial and academic collaboration will be a useful way to develop the "Continuing Airworthiness" sector.

Laser Assisted Machining을 활용한 항공 기체 구조물의 난삭재(Ti-6AL-4V) 가공 속도 향상 방안에 관한 연구

신동윤 경상국립대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2023 국내석사

세계적으로 '친환경'이 강조되면서 항공산업 등 운송산업의 연비 개선이 필요했고, 그 결과 기존 금속에 비해 기계적 물성이 훨씬 가벼운 소재가 적용되기 시작했다. 대표적인 것이 티타늄 합금, 니켈 합금, 탄소섬유강화플라스틱(CFRP) 등으로 첨단소재로 분류된다. 이들 재료는 중량 대비 고강도 특성을 가지고 있어 구조를 경량화할 수 있기 때문에 주로 우주/항공우주 분야에서 사용되어 왔으며, 이후 그 산업에 대한 수요가 점차 증가하고 있다. 티타늄(Ti-6AL-4V)을 사용하여 부품을 제조할 때 제조비용을 절감하기 위해 3D 프린팅과 같은 적층 성형에 기반한 연구 및 산업적 적용이 시도되고 있지만, 제품 형상 정확도와 재료 무결성이 중요한 산업에서는 여전히 다음과 같은 절삭 가공을 통해 기계적 가공이 이루어지고 있다 밀링, 회전, 드릴링. 그러나, 독특한 물성(낮은 열전도성, 높은 경도 재료 함량, 적층 구조에 의한 이방성 등)으로 인해 종래의 절삭법으로는 가공이 용이하지 않기 때문에, 난삭재로 분류된다. 본 논문에서는 가공되지 않은 소재로 분류된 첨단소재 중 우주/항공산업에서 주로 사용되는 티타늄 합금에 Laser Assisted Machining을 사용하여 기계가공 시 절삭저항을 얼마나 줄일 수 있는지를 살펴본다. As Eco-Friendly was emphasized worldwide, it was necessary to improve fuel efficiency in transportation industries such as the aviation industry, and as a result, materials with much lighter mechanical properties than conventional metals began to be applied. Typical of these materials are titanium alloys, nickel alloys, and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), which are classified as advanced materials. Since these materials have high strength properties compared to weight and can make the structure lighter, they have been mainly used in the space/aeronautics sector, and then the demand for their industries is gradually increasing. Research and industrial application based on additive molding such as 3D printing are being attempted to reduce the manufacturing cost when manufacturing parts using titanium (Ti-6AL-4V), but in industries where product shape accuracy and material integrity are important, mechanical processing is still performed through cutting processing such as milling, turning, and drilling. However, it is classified as Difficult-to-Cut Material because it is not easy to process with the conventional cutting method due to its unique physical properties (low thermal conductivity, high hardness material content, anisotropy due to lamination structure, etc.). In this paper, we will examine how much cutting resistance can be reduced during mechanical processing by using Laser Assisted Machining for Titanium alloys mainly used in the space/aerial industry among high-tech materials classified as rough materials.

개조한 군용항공기의 감항성 제도 고찰

김미희 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2017 국내석사

Since DAPA enacted the "Military Aircraft Flight Safety Certification Act" in August 2009, it has modified and improved the relevant procedure and system to develop military aircraft and to boost the domestic market. Military aircraft could freely fly and be modified before 2009, but now it must pass the well-established airworthiness certification test for flight and export to another country. Typical operational aircraft is continuously modified at the structure, system or component level. This modification is, however, subject to a safety check and the corresponding certification procedure and system, even if the original aircraft passed the airworthiness certification test. This thesis first introduces the current certification procedure and system being adopted by Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) for aircraft modification, and checks if ROKAF’s current certification procedure and system have sound capability of decision-making with regard to the safety of modified aircraft. This check is based on the comparison to the standard procedure, MIL-STD-882, being adopted by the Department of Defense in the US. Then, this thesis makes two constructive proposals that may help to improve ROKAF’s certification procedure and system after revisiting previously performed aircraft modification cases in Korea. One of the proposals is the need of introducing a dedicated department in charge of risk analysis. Although the current certification procedure and system allow for systematic risk analysis, this risk analysis must be more formally performed according to the standard procedure (MIL-STD-882) and continuously improved by the dedicated department. Another proposal is the promotion of a user-oriented decision-making system which accommodates the aspect of human engineering. There was a case in which a design improvement proposal on a power control unit for reducing pilot’s mistakes could not be accepted because of the absence of a proper decision-making system. It will be useful in the future if a scientific decision-making system, such as making use of questionnaires, can be established for assisting in the safety analysis.

항공 배출가스 저감 목표를 고려한 국내 항공 배출가스 관련 제도/기술적 동향 연구

이정언 경상국립대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2022 국내석사

유엔 기후회의에서 지구 온난화를 막기 위해 2015년 파리에서 이른바 파리 협정을 체결하였는데, 그 내용은 산업화 이전 대비 지구 평균 온도 상승폭 섭씨 2도 이하라는 목표 설정과 거기에 추가로 1.5도 이하로 넘지 않도록 노력하자는 것 이였다. 이런 기후 변화의 큰 요소가 되는 부분을 꼽자면 제트 연료 연소 과정에서 배기가스로 인해 생성되는 CO2, NOx 및 H2O와 같은 배출물이다. 그 중에서 가장 큰 영향이 되는 배출물은 두가지인데, 첫째로 순항 시 발생 되는 배기가스 내부에 존재하는 이산화탄소(CO2)이다, 이 이산화탄소는 지상에서 발생되는 이산화탄소와 마찬가지로 기후변화에 매우 안좋은 영향을 주고 있다. 둘째로는 질소산화물(NOx)인데, 이 질소산화물은 대류권의 순항고도에서 발생하여 오존에 직접적으로 영향을 미치고 있기 때문에, 지상에서 발생하는 질소 산화물 배출량보다 더 기후에 큰 영향을 주고 있다. 이와 같이 항공기에서 배출되는 배출가스는 기후변화에 많은 영향을 미치고 있다. 이런 배출가스를 항공기 기술이나 운영부문에서 획기적인 개선을 통하여 줄이는 것이 어렵기 때문에 국제항공분야의 기후변화 대응책은 산업 내부의 혁신에 의존하기 보다는 외적인 연계를 통한 인류의 전반적인 기후변화 대응할 수 밖에 없기 때문에, 타 산업의 배출가스 저감으로 생성 된 배출권이나 CDM(Clean Development Mechanism)등으로 산출된 배출권을 구매하여 항공부문의 초과 배출을 상쇄하는 전략을 고려할 수밖에 없다1. 그래서 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서 2016년에 결의한 국제 항공을 위한 탄소 상쇄 및 감소 제도(CORSIA, Carbon offsetting and reeducation scheme for international aviation)이 2021년부터 시행됨에 따라 우리나라는 이런 배출가스에 대한 관리 규정 마련 및 배출량 산정과 배출 가스 저감 기술 개발에 대한 필요성이 강해졌다. 하지만 우리나라의 기후변화 대응 지수(Climatechange performance index)는 2021년 기준 61위 중 53위, 매우 미흡(Very low)로 평가 받고 있다. 또한 국제 항공 분야의 환경 대책에 따라가지 못하고 이를 위한 기준 및 기술 개발에 대한 때문에 국내 항공 부문에 대한 효과적이고 적절한 배출가스 기준에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 국내 항공 분야의 배출가스 기준, 그리고 배출 가스 저감 기술 현황과 현재 항공 분야에서 날이 다르게 바뀌는 미국, 유럽과 같은 항공 선진국의 배출가스의 대응 및 배출가스 기준, 배출량 산정과 그리고 배출가스 저감 기술에 대한 분석 고찰을 통하여 국내 배출가스 기준의 배출량 산정 방법과 같은 기준 보완 및 그리고 수소 항공기와 같은 배출가스 저감 기술에 대한 발전 방향에 대한 고민 및 앞의 관련 제도, 배출가스 저감 기술에 대한 연구 내용을 바탕으로 2050년까지의 국내 배출가스 배출량 산정 및 배출가스 저감 목표를 달성하기 위한 신기술 적용 후 예상되는 배출량을 비교, 검토하여 향후 배출가스 저감 목표를 달성 하기 위한 방안을 제시하고자 한다. The United Nations Climate Conference signed the so-called Paris Agreement in Paris in 2015 to prevent global warming. Here, the goal is to increase the average global temperature by 2 degrees Celsius or less compared to before industrialization, which calls for efforts to not exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius. Some of the factors that contribute to this climate change are emissions such as CO2, NOx and H2O produced by jet fuel combustion. There are two main areas that have the greatest impact, first CO2, which is present in the emissions of cruising, is having a very bad effect on climate change, as is CO2 generated on the ground. Second, nitrogen oxides (NOx), which occur at cruising altitudes in the troposphere and directly affect ozone, have a greater climate impact than nitrogen oxide emissions on the ground. The emissions from these aircraft are affecting climate change a lot. Because it is difficult to reduce emissions through significant improvements in aircraft technology and operations, the international aviation climate change countermeasures have to keep pace with humanity's overall climate change response rather than relying on internal innovation. Thus, the International Aviation Program for Carbon Offsetting and Reduction (CORSIA) for International Aviation (ICAO) was implemented in 2021, raising the need for management regulations for these emissions and developing emission reduction technologies. However, Korea's Climate Change Performance Index is ranked 53rd out of 61st place as of 2021, and is considered very low. In addition, due to the lack of environmental measures in the international aviation sector and the development of standards and technologies for this purpose, research on effective and appropriate emission standards for the domestic aviation sector is needed. This paper supplements standards such as emission standards, emission standards, emission calculation, and emission reduction technologies in advanced aviation countries such as the U.S. and Europe, and concerns the development direction of emission reduction technologies. I would like to suggest a way to achieve it.

認證機關(從事者)에 대한 技術적 責任制度(안) 導入 必要性과 發展方向에 관한 硏究

김영덕 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2018 국내석사

본 논문에서는 대한민국 감항당국의 인증절차 및 항공 선진국의 감항인증 체계와 조직에 대하여 조사하고 국내 항공법에 의한 벌칙과 일반 제조물 책임법 등을 비교, 분석하였으며, 항공기 제조사 및 인증분야 종사자에 대한 미국의 판례를 분석하였다. 또한, 인증기관(종사자)에 대하여 구체적으로 제시되어 있지 않은 책임의 정의와 범위에 대하여 논하였으며, 더 나아가 가칭 기술적 책임제도(안) 도입에 대한 필요성과 그 영향성(긍정적, 부정적 모두)을 분석, 제시하여, 궁극적으로는 안전을 책임이라는 관점에서 재조명함으로써 안전에 대한 중요성을 새롭게 인식하고 정착시켜 항공분야 인증제도 발전에 기여하고자 하였다.

공중기동기 동승근무자를 활용한 군용항공기 감항성 유지 방안에 관한 고찰

김남일 경상대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2019 국내석사

Ever since the concept of military aircraft airworthiness certification has been developed, the concept of military aircraft airworthiness certification has expanded from the concept of technology airworthiness that is applied to aircraft research, development, acquisition and modification to continuing airworthiness that occurs in the operation stage after the development and acquisition. In this regard, this study analyzes and compares the advanced certification systems of the U.S. and U.K. and those of Korea to suggest what to be taken for maintaining airworthiness of domestic military aircraft by the air crew who is currently contributes to continuing airworthiness. By way of clarifying laws and regulations regarding maintenance of airworthiness which lacks specificity, and through enforcement and implementation of the laws, this study sheds light on securing the reliability of the military airworthiness certification system. Secondly, it describes the maintenance of airworthiness by expanding use of aircrew, which is essential for the operation of military aircraft. If there is a change in performance due to a change in the function and shape of a military aircraft, military checks the flight safety of a military aircraft through test flights. And to expand the utilization of air crew who carry out tasks related to maintenance of aircraft airworthiness, such as test flight, to promote the development of military aircraft’s maintenance airworthiness. Finally, it suggests reforming the air crew education system and carry out periodical education and qualification management thoroughly, and train professional expert according to types of aircraft. As air crew executes test flights, flight mission performance, flight planning and train younger students, the characteristics and understanding of the maintenance of airworthiness in the operation of military aircraft can be enhanced and consequently they contribute to the building of safety and reliability of military aircraft. As the study of airworthiness certification of Military Aircraft has been developed since 2009, this paper is able to suggest the right direction to facilitate domestic military airworthiness maintenance task and make the certification system and regulation take a step forward. Moreover, proposal and development direction in this study, the need for the specificity and clarity of the regulations, air crew's proper utilize and positioning, and developing the training procedures for the air crew, leads to expanding the concept of military aircraft airworthiness certification. Also, It builds the safety and reliability of military aircraft through the development of airworthiness maintenance work by increasing the understanding of managers and workers who perform airworthiness maintenance work and I hope thus leap forward into Korea's aviation advancement.

접이식 날개를 갖는 캐니스터 사출형 고정익 무인항공기 개발 및 비행시험에 관한 연구

양승완 경상국립대학교 항공우주특성화대학원 2024 국내석사

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) can achieve high maneuverability by adopting designs that do not take into account human limitations. They can operate in uncontested airspace without the risk of pilot loss, providing control over the area of operation. This study involves the design and development of a multi-purpose UAV capable of take-off using a launch tube. The preliminary design of the aircraft was based on the research on aerodynamic theory, aircraft performance, and stability formulas, as well as the aircraft design technology cited in this paper. To verify the stability and controllability of the UAV, aerodynamic analysis and design of the UAV were performed using XFLR5 and FUSION360 software. The performance of the UAV was validated using the analysis results and data from test flight of the prototype In the flight test, both manual and automatic flights of the developed UAV were conducted to assess stability and flight performance achieved through research development. The shape and usability of the UAV were also evaluated.