韓國貿易 클레임의 效率的 處理에 관한 硏究

곽종수 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1984 국내석사

Since we have embarked the First Economic Developing Plan from 1962, we have accomplished that plan successfully. Owing to the success of developing plan, only 57 million dollar amount of export in 1962 increased to 21 billion dollar amount of export in 1962 increased to 21 billion dollar amount of export in 1981. It was a miracle expansion that the yearly rate of increasing continued 37%. Responding to these efforts of the government, trading companies have enlarged their sizes and diversified their trade items as well as their customer areas. Accordingly, the number of trade-ciaims and their amount of money have a trend to increase in Korea. And also, as Korea has laid the emphasis of export articles on heavy-chemical industry goods from light industry goods, trade-claims of Korea have been instituted more connected with heavy-chemical industry goods. The problems of such trade-claims concerned with exportitems can be summed up as follows: (1) Failure to supervise export goods thoroughly. (2) Immature ability of working-level persons in charge of contracts. (3) Some exporters' injuring credit abroads. (4) The lack of positive attitude toward settling the cleims. (5) Defendants' intentional avoidance form their responsibility connected with the claims. The way to treat Trade claims, the theme of this thesis, can be devided basically into two classes as follows. That is: (1) the preventive one in which the claims are precluded from occuring. (2) the curative one in which the claims already instituted can be more peacefully settld can be more peacefully settled Through rapid, equitable and exact settlements of previously brought Trade claims, the credit of trading firms concerned must be maintained, and, for this purpose, When the defendant firms avoid responsivilities accompanying to dissolving Trade claims, punishments on the firms need to be imposed so heavily and strictly that they are led to perform their duties required of settlements. Besides, in order to prevent the Claims, it's desirable that the firms or else should promote productivity by adopting advanced know-hows earlier as well as investing capital into those of their own generonsly, and assume positive attitudes to substitute new-fashioned facilites for old ones.

韓國綜合貿易商社의 實態와 問題點에 관한 硏究

전영언 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1984 국내석사

Our government selected Japanese total companies as a modle in 1975 and introduced a general trading company system into Korea, which has been contributing greatly to Korea's export increase according to the export drive policy of the government with alteration of designated requirments every year. To take a look at the actual export results of the general trading companies, It shows 52% of the overall export with the total amount of one hundred twenty-five billion dollars in 1983. However, to analysize sales composition oi the general trading companies, export attained overwhelming superiority with 80.9% gross sales, while they play a role only as general trading companies with 13% in import and 6.1% in domestic and overseas trade in opinion from diversification of business function. There is a wide gap in comparison with sales composition which the Japanese total companies had in 1981 with 41.4% in their domestic sales, 24% in import, 21.2% in export, and 13.4% in overseas trade. With reference to the capital component ratio the owned capital ratio with 12.5% in the gross capital remains much below 15%, which are the owned capital guiding ratio of the Bank Inspection Board. The ratio of liabilities is 695.1% and much higher than 400-500% in the common enterprises. Due to such a poor financial structure, we can see that the general trading companies do not carry out their function satisfactorily. Accordingly, export in our country at present is on the way of radical reform from the principal aim of light industry goods to the heavy chemical industry goods, but is placed under situations that are chased hard by developing countries such as Thail and, the Philippines, etc. in the field of light industry. The time that the export of cheap products at low wages in the past has been already elapsed. Now the products must be made high quality with further technical development now, which the general trading companies shall take charge of such a role. Problems such as whole hearted devotion to one side of export increase, representing export window relation with small and medium enterprises and also internal management of business shall be improved by stages steadily. Furthermore, it is suggested that an image as Koreanic general trading companies shall be established to be suitable for Korean economic postulate based on the whole function of the general trading companies.

北韓貿易의 構造的特質에 관한 硏究 : 南北經濟交流 擴大方案을 中心으로

이재수 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1985 국내석사

In 1984, When the Republic of Korea launched its effort to improve relations with North Korea, there had been no normal economic contacts with North Korea since Korean War. Relations between two countries have been deteriorating and that prospects for the future are not positive. The purpose of this study lies on clarifying characteristics of trade systems between two countries and to present how to develop trade between two countries. It is noted that it is a political reality that progress must be made on key political issues before a substantial expansion of trade can be accomplished. But considering that every nation in the world benefits to each other by trading, we whould find out a rational means for interfacing two areas-South and North through economic interfacing in the form of any type of cooperative agreements. In order to develop trade between two countries, certain issues with respect to trade itself must be addressed before an expansion can take place. Those issues can be grouped as follows. First, North Korea holds differing views on concepts of human dignity and individual freedom than the Republic of Korea. Second, adequate control should be maintained over market functions in two areas. Third, abolition of any trade barriers such as tariff and non-tariff. Fourth, Differences between planned and market economies. As North Korea has a planned economies of negotiations and the procedures for negotiating, a contract are different from the same procedures in the Republic of Korea. Industrial cooperation between market economies and centrally planned economies is characterized by an initial investment of physical and technical assets by the Republic of Korea After sufficient time has elapsed to place these assets into production. North Korea begins to ship this output, to repay the investor. Based on historical trends of East-West Germany, future prospects for South-North Korean trade will be bright. Long-term consequences of trade must be taken into consideration in adjusting initial agreements.

韓國의 輸出增大를 위한 輸出構造 改善方案

김종근 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1985 국내석사

Economy in Korea set about The First Five-Year Plan of Economic Development in 1962, and has achieved high degree of growth by Economic Strategy emphasizing on export. But after two petroleum undulations in the latter half of the years or 1970s', the world-wide lower growing trend, the atmosphere of protective trade, and the rising of resourses nationalism have imposed high restrict on export strategy simply emphasizing the extension of external form, and made so much worse the conditions of domestic export business world. Concerning the change in conditions like this the fundamental and structural problems came into being as follows; 1. More stress was put on the outward expansion than on the endeavour for making domestic economy inwardly substantial, and also the financial system of enterprise was very weakened of the administra being run mostly by borrowing, and consequently, the adaptability against the industrial fluctuation was not cultivated. 2. By changing the export industry from the light industry into the heavy chemical industry unreasonably after the second half of 1970s', deepened the among the industry divisions. and thus the heavy chemical industry did not play the role of export industry fully also because it spreaded less effect to the other industries than the light industry and the demand was low owing to home and foreign industrial stagnation and the technique was on low level. 3. The foreign debts have been accumulated by coninuing of international trade imbalance, becoming a great obstacle element to economical growth. This is because the heavy chemical industry on which large-scale investment was made did not secure the minimum position as an import subsitution industry, so the import of capital goods and processing material weighed heavily, and futhermore export of which quantitive enlargement was limited largely, was not made so substantial that foreign exchange earning-rate of export could not be increased highly. Above-mentioned structural problems of export have been presented seriously since the beginning of 1980s'. Therefore, in order to solve such problems, following countermeasures are needed as follows. 1, Along with conversion into the heavy, chemical industry system, we should maintain balance with other industry, and calculate upon carrying- over effect, and make quality and price of goods be in high-class through technical development in light industry, and with elevation of productivity, and also should be against the control of the advanced contries on import and the chase of the developing countries through intensified marking activities. 2. In order to open up markets in central and south America, and Africa in which actual results of export are in a poor way, we should strengthen international marketing activities such as extending of oversea branch office, intensifying of information-gathering, and activating of regional research. 3. Exchange rate should be stabilited through balance of foreign value of exchange rate and also financial function should be made up various and effective. 4. By deepening mutual dependence between broker and the final exportable goods, we should reduce the outflow of chain-effect in front and rear, and then by securing superior competitiveness of exporting goods in both quality and price through organizing export industry on a large scale, we should increase the utility factor of production of exporting goods.

貿易環境 變化에 따른 우리나라 海外直接投資에 關한 硏究

김탁성 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1985 국내석사

The purpose of this analysis is to introduce the necessities and problems of Korean Direct Foreign Investment According to the change of international trade circumstances, to analyze the present situation and general effect of it and to suggest the policy direction of it. The high rate of Korea's economic growth has lowered since the end of 1970's by the influence of the change for the worse in international trade situation, mainly due to resource nationalism strongly coming to the fore by main resource-abundant countries since the beginning of 1970's and partly due to the intensification of neo-protectionism in major advanced countries, so Korea has faced such difficult problems as the balance of international payments, domestic employment, price level and so on. For the continuous economic growth and export promotion in the aggravated circumstances of international trade, the following measures are considered to be necessary. First, the stable supply of raw-materials to industry should be maintained through Joint-development with resource-abundant countries. Second, Tariff and non-tariff barriers should be removed through the multinational enterprises or the establishment of the local companies. The following results can be regarded as an efficient method of running the D.F.I (Direct Foreign Investment) 1) D.F.I programe should be inducted as joint Local Investment, product sharing or an International consortium pattern. 2) D.F.I should be concentrate on production. 3) The insufficient foreign currency availabe to D.F.I can be adjusted by "spot goods payment" and creative financing techniques. 4) Independent Management from the holding company should be accomplished. 5) Require diversification of investment areas. 6) Investment area, classification should be controlled by a policy maker. To avoid antagonistic relations with the accepting country localization of investment will be required. 7) Concerned authorities in Government should give full support through diplomatic, Tax and financial support.

中共의 經濟改革下의 對外貿易과 우리의 政策的 對應에 관한 硏究

도윤광 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1985 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to provide our country's possible measures responding to China's expansion of foreign trade along her recent economic reform. For this purpose, first of all, we analyze the Chinese policy and performance of foreign trade since their economic reform, and then we also figure out the problems arising in their new policy. It is possibly supposed that the Chinese will pursue a foreign trade expansion as long as they are considering economic development as their top priority in their policy. However, it is also expected that there will be some flexibility in Chinese export and import policy along the change in internal and external economic conditions in spite of their open-door policy and foreign trade expansion. The basic trend of China's foreign trade will be directed by the control of import and the increase in export for a while. Along such a basic trend, the Chinese are now importing raw and intermediate materials for the production of light industry and durable consumer goods for people's daily life, instead of importing producer goods for developing heavy industry. In other side of the import of foreign goods, the Chinese are groping for both high quality and diversity in their light industrial goods so that their products may have a good. competitive position in world markets. Considering the possible competition with China in world markets, we can provide the following measures to be taken by our Korean foreign trade majors and government : (1) Taking advantage of the Chinese weakness in flexibility in world market demands to their foreign trade monopoly, we need to develop new designs for our export goods responding to change in preferences of foreign demanders. (2) In order to have the accurate information about competitive factors such as prices, costs and quality etc. in comparison with Chinese export goods, we need to study China's individual export goods which are competitive with our commodities in world market. (3) To develop new foreign markets for our export with bloking up China's export expansion, our government needs to support financially the foreign trade companies to raise their rate of the reserve fund for developing foreign markets in their total export fund.

韓國貿易構造와 아시아 NICS과의 水平分業에 관한 硏究

권승학 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1987 국내석사

The developing countries of today are promoting industrialization in order to achieve an increase in the speed of economic growth. This is because most of the developed countries achieved their success through industrialization. Compared with the economic history of the developed countries, it seems that the later the underdeveloped countries begin their economic growth, the faster the rate of economic growth they achieve through industrialization. The economic growth of Korea for example has reduced remarkably the time required historically by the developed countries for their economic growth. Gerschenkron's historical dynamic view holds that the reason underdeveloped countries speed of industrialization is faster than that of the developed countries is that the former emphasize the chemical heavy industry. Even though the process of development in today's developing countries is similar to that of the developed countries, there are some important differences. The opportunities for development today are enhanced by changes in the international econmic environment. Still not all of the devoloping countries have succeeded in achieving a desirable rate of economic growth through industrialization. There has been very little analysis from the dynamic point of view of specific instances of success of failure in industrialization. This dissertation follows the method of comparing the progress of the structural pattern of international competitive power by analyzing the international industrial interdependence and the system of reciprocal trade. This dissertation concludes by suggesting that some developing conturies have been successful in working out their industrialization and others have been less succesful. 0ther nation never throw off their colonial heritage, and so do not benefit from their backwardness, and never escape from the swamp of stagnation. Despite the fact that Korea faces tightening forms of protectionism in trade and the supply of natural resources from the advanced countries, Korea could still continue her growth through the government's economic plans launched between 1962 to 1984, Korea showed an annual average growth rate of 8.2percent. Korea now stands in the group of newly industrialized countries. Korea's economy will be developed even more if the plan to expand the political and econmic ties among the Pacific basin nations materializes. However, trade competition will become keener between the newly industrialized nations, because these nations have all grown through similar economic measures. Korea's rapid growth is attributable to the development of its export structure. However, the export of light goods remarkably decreased in 1980, while the export of heavy and chemical commodities increased during that same year. The growth rate of manufacturing firms shows that the manufacturers of heavy goods grew faster than manufacturers of light goods during the period from 1970 to 1980. In contrast, the import ratio of manufacturers decreased from 19.7percent in 1970 to 16.5percent in 1980. These changes result mainly from a change in government economic policies ; government in the past stressed simply the exported commodity itself. Korea depended heavily upon labor-intensive economic systems until 1970. This economic structure contributed to the export of light goods, such as, clothes, shoes, electronic goods, machinery, and ship building. Cheap labor helped the sales of Korean-made goods, which were inexpensive on the international market. However, because many new developing countries, such as China, and other countries, also enjoy the advantage of cheap labor, the Korean economy these days is threatened more than ever. In the Korean economy "the expansion of exports once meant the expansion of imports" The ratio of imports to the GNP reached thirty to fifty percent. It is expect that from 1982 to 1990 the heavy equip-merit and machinery industry, the production of transportation machinery, electronic goods, electric appliances, and will grow two times as fast as any of those industries today. In fact, these industries so far have contributed the greatest proportion of exports and imports to the Korean economy. Whether we succeed or fail in the international technological competition determines the future of our country. We will have to make every effort to secure a solid base of industrial technology in order to enter the group of advanced countries by the year 2,000.

美國의 輸入規制와 우리의 對美輸出戰略

신덕기 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1987 국내석사

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the history of trade policy in the U.S and the present situation of import restrictions against Korea and to suggest directions of trade relations between Korea and U.S and export strategies into U.S market. Throughout the post-World War Ⅱ era, the United States has been the world staunchest supporter of open trade. In 1970ts, however, the trade policy of the U.S.turned into the tendency of protectionism on the basis of the change of comparative advantage type which resulted from the rise of NICs and the down of economic position in international economic relations attributed to the development of EC, Japan and continued deficit. The domestic pressure for protection has much heightened for the increase of unemployment, the deterioration in balance of payments, business depression. In response to these economic crises, the United States has applied various import restriction measures, that is, quantitative quata, the reduction of GSP, Safeguard, unfair trade practice restriction to foreign countries, expecially, NICs as like Korea. Therefore the growth rate in export to the U.S. has been shown the slow down tendency. In order to cope with the various import restrictions of the U.S. and to expedite the export performance to the U.S. we must export strategies as follows. First, we must reconsider the existed market strategy establish the product strategy, the distribution strategy suitable for individual unit market in terms of market segmentation. Second, we must develope new distribution channel, that is, avoid export trade with wholesalers or retailer, intermediate distributor of manufacturer in U.S. and try to enter into direct business with final demander. Third, we must design the support system to encourage the innovation and pursuit the diversification of exportable goods and high superior quality continuously. Fourth, we must train marketing specialists in order to increase the export of technology intensive capital goods and heavy & chemical industry products. Fifth, we must attempt the export-industrialization of small-medium enterprises and continue to expand diverse support-measures for developing exportable goods in small-medium enterprises.

釜山圈 輸出産業 國際競爭力 强化方案에 관한 硏究 : 輸出行政 支援體制 改善方案을 中心으로

서진호 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1987 국내석사

This treatise is trying to find the effective policy to strengthen the international competitive power of the export industry in Pusan economic area by increasing the export administrative supports. Recently, financial and administrative supports have been attempted to reinforce the international competitive power of the export industry in Pusan area. Thus, the exports records in Pusan area have been increased greatly. Despite this apparent records, several problems are hindering the consistent growth of export in Pusan area. The bottle-necks on export procedures become the urgent problems in export supporting system. These are as follows: First, insufficient setting-up of export suppoting body gives rise to insufficient export service. Second, tariff law system is so unsystematic and unreal as to become an obstacle to international competitive power of the export industry. Third, as tariff reinbursement services are offered only by the custom house, custom clearance services are often delayed. To settle these problems and to strengthen the international competitive power of export industry in Pusan economic area, following policies ought to be adopted. 1. Local export association should be founded. 2. Export administrative supporting services should be entrusted to local autonomous government. 3. Mandating system of tariff appraising service should be adopted. 4. Tariff service should be computerized. 5. Tariff rate system should be rebuilded with priority given to law tariff rate system. In conclusion, the above mentioned policies will strengthen the international competitive power of export industry in Pusan area and help Pusan economic area develop favorably.

韓國商事仲裁制度의 改善方案에 관한 硏究

강대규 釜山産業大學校 貿易大學院 1984 국내석사

So far foreign trade between Korea and other nations has been rapidly increased, and it is expected to be increased much more rapidly in the future. As more foreign trade increases, business disputes occur more frequently.because of the difference of currency, economic customs, law and language. One of these disputes, there is requesting appropriate compensation at a concerned party. We call it trade claim in foreign trade, trust is such a necessary factor that the following strategic approaches should be sought and put into practice. Among the resolution methode of the: trade claim there are Amicable settlement, conciliation, Intersession, Arbitration, Litigation etc. In these methods, Arbitraction is more available in the economic circte. For the resolution and prevention of business disputes, Arbitration Law and Arbitral Body was founded by the government in 1966. But its stort history and deficiency of recognition in the our part of foreign trade circle have resulted in unsatisfactory effect. Unless such factors are examined throughly and corrected, our foreign trade will be confronted with a cosiderable obstractes in foreign trade in the future. In this thesis, the writer aimed at finding out more effective controlling of business disputes by analying trade claim and commercial arhitration in the past. The conclusion that I have drawn after this this study are as follows. First, for the reinforcement of the function of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, the expansion of organization, and the independence of finance is necessary. Second, it is desirable to enlarge mutual commercial arbitration agreement with foreign arbitral body. Third, it is desirable that K.C.A.B should have Judicial power in controlling commercial arbitration for its more active function. Fourth, branches of K.C.A.B. should be expanded, and the preponderance of arbitrary in Seoul should be prevented. Fifth, our competent and responsible arbitrators, should be dispatched to the foreign countries concerned in order to have an effective control of disputes issue occuring there.