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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : de Vos, Jacobus Cornelis (검색결과 3 건)
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The art of pharmacy in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Mexico
De Vos, Paula Susan University of California, Berkeley 2001 해외박사(DDOD)
This study traces the development of pharmaceutical practice in New Spain over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Pharmacy was part of the western medical establishment put in place by Spanish bureaucrats early on in the process of Spanish settlement of the New World. At the time, pharmacy was considered an art in that it required a good deal of artisanal skill on the part of the boticarios and little formal education. By the early nineteenth century, however, pharmacy had transformed into a science, in that it had undergone processes of specialization and professionalization. Pharmacy required increased understanding of theoretical scientific concepts as well as its own regulatory institutions. The ideas and practices of early pharmacy reflected traditional medical theory, cosmology, concepts of social and religious hierarchy and methods of colonial rule. Boticarios were trained in Hippocratic medicine and understood medicines to work according to the “virtues” they contained. A centralized medical board appointed by the Spanish king oversaw the examination and licensing of pharmacists as well as periodic inspections of pharmacies. Pharmacists had to have “pure” Spanish blood and insured good business by maintaining reputations as pious and charitable practitioners. Parcelsian medicine and the mechanical philosophy of the seventeenth century brought a “pharmacy revolution” which explained medicines and virtues in chemical terms. This revolution was accompanied by a “medicalization” of hospitals in the early eighteenth century, in which in-house pharmacies became a regular component of those institutions. Enlightenment ideals coupled with greater state intervention in matters of social welfare and public health further promoted the increasingly contractual nature of ties between medical practitioner and patient. The gradual erosion of the pharmacists' need to provide evidence of piety resulted in a generalized crisis in medicine in the late eighteenth century, where practitioners and patients alike called for reform of outdated and inefficient regulations. Pharmacists now needed significant training in botany and chemistry, and in 1780 began to call for the establishment of a specialized “Proto-farmacéutico” to govern the profession. In an intellectual, institutional, and practical sense, therefore, pharmacy had become a science.
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de Vos, Fiona City University of New York 2006 해외박사(DDOD)
The primary goal of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual model of children's hospitals as holistic healing environments. The primary focus of the model is to maintain to the maximal degree possible the qualities of everyday life for children and their families. This is based on the principle of reducing stress while in the hospital and easing transitions into and out of the hospital. To build a conceptual model from the synthesis of current knowledge, a preliminary model with seven dimensions of healing was created based on an extensive analysis of the literature on healing. In addition, interviews and observations at a children's hospital were conducted with parents, patients, and staff to complement what was found in the literature. This model was then used to design a study of the transition from an old to a new children's hospital building. Interviews, participant observation, behavioral mapping, and questionnaires were used to assess how patients, parents and staff experienced the old and the new hospital as a healing environment and to quantify and compare indicators of healing such as mobility and activity of patients. The data found in the case study were used to more richly conceptualize a holistic healing environment for children, to modify the dimensions, and thereby to revise the model. The revised model integrates the needs and concerns for patients, parents and staff into one model of a holistic healing environment. The revised model contains nine dimensions: meeting basic physiological needs, feeling safe and secure, maximizing agency and control, facilitating social support, enabling everyday behavior, providing distraction and engagement, normalizing the environment, and supporting parents and staff in their caring roles. The significance of this study is that by conceptualizing what a holistic healing environment in a children's hospital consists of, and what the primary design-healing relationships are, designers now have a coherent and comprehensive behavioral base for designing healthcare environments with positive effects on the healing process.
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