Reference Gene Screening for Analyzing Gene Expression Across Goat Tissue

Zhanga, Yu,Zhang, Xiao-Dong,Liu, Xing,Li, Yun-Sheng,Ding, Jian-Ping,Zhang, Xiao-Rong,Zhang, Yun-Hai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.12

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the important methods for investigating the changes in mRNA expression levels in cells and tissues. Selection of the proper reference genes is very important when calibrating the results of real-time quantitative PCR. Studies on the selection of reference genes in goat tissues are limited, despite the economic importance of their meat and dairy products. We used real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression levels of eight reference gene candidates (18S, TBP, HMBS, YWHAZ, ACTB, HPRT1, GAPDH and EEF1A2) in ten tissues types sourced from Boer goats. The optimal reference gene combination was selected according to the results determined by geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper software packages. The analyses showed that tissue is an important variability factor in genes expression stability. When all tissues were considered, 18S, TBP and HMBS is the optimal reference combination for calibrating quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression from goat tissues. Dividing data set by tissues, ACTB was the most stable in stomach, small intestine and ovary, 18S in heart and spleen, HMBS in uterus and lung, TBP in liver, HPRT1 in kidney and GAPDH in muscle. Overall, this study provided valuable information about the goat reference genes that can be used in order to perform a proper normalisation when relative quantification by qRT-PCR studies is undertaken.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of red lutetium based phosphors using a general precursor obtained by homogeneous precipitation

Xin Zhanga,Mingyang Liu,Jiao He,Jingbao Lian,Xue Zhang 한양대학교 청정에너지연구소 2023 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.24 No.4

A general precursor of Lu2O2SO4 and Lu2O2S was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation methods using commerciallyavailable Lu2O3, H2SO4, Eu(NO3)3·6H2O, CO(NH2)2, NH3·H2O, Na2CO3 and S as the main raw materials, and thenLu2O2SO4:Eu3+ is calcined under air atmosphere at different temperatures, which simplified the previous experimental steps. On this basis, a series of Eu3+ doped Lu2O2S phosphors were synthesized by the solid phase method using the precursor asraw material by mixing sodium carbonate and sublimated sulfur. Lu2O2SO4:Eu3+ and Lu2O2S:Eu3+ quasi-sphericalluminescent powder with particle sizes of about 1 μm were synthesized and their synthetic mechanism and photoluminescenceproperties were investigated. Finally, the synthesized products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fieldemission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanningcalorimeter (DSC-TG), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and other analytical and testing methods. Studies have shownthat the optimum calcination conditions of Lu2O2SO4:x%Eu3+ phosphors and Lu2O2S:x%Eu3+ phosphors are at 800 ℃ for2 h in air and at 500 ℃ for 2 h in a closed sulphuration atmosphere, respectively. On this basis, the photoluminescence (PL)behavior of the two prepared fluorescent powders was analyzed. At approximately 618 nm and 628 nm, lutetium basedoxysulfate and oxysulfide phosphors exhibit typical red emission, which is the main luminescent feature of Eu3+, originatingfrom the 5D0-7F2 transition of Eu3+.The CIE color coordinates of the Lu2O2SO4:Eu3+ and Lu2O2S:Eu3+ phosphors correspondto (0.6573, 0.3423) and (0.621, 0.3769), respectively, and their colors are red-orange and orange light. The optimal dopingconcentration was determined to be 7.5%. The fluorescence lifetime of Lu2O2SO4:7.5%Eu3+ and Lu2O2S:7.5%Eu3+ phosphorsobtained by homogeneous precipitation method is 2.4479 ms and 1.004 ms. The CCT values are 2886 K and 1863 K, whichbelong to low penetration CCT light. They all have short afterglow life, and lutetium oxysulfate phosphor has longerfluorescence life than lutetium oxysulfide phosphor.

Fermentation Quality of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Silages Treated with Encapsulated-glucose, Glucose, Sorbic Acid and Pre-fermented Juices

Shao, Tao,Zhanga, L.,Shimojo, M.,Masuda, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.11

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding encapsulated-glucose, glucose, sorbic acid or prefermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) on the fermentation quality and residual mono- and disaccharide composition of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) silages. The additive treatments were as follows: (1) control (no addition), (2) encapsulated-glucose addition at 0.5% for glucose, (3) glucose addition at 1%, (4) sorbic acid addition at 0.1%, (5) FJLB addition at a theoretical application rate of $2.67{\times}10^5$ CFU (colony forming unit) $g^{-1}$, on a fresh weight basis of Italian ryegrass. Although control and encapsulated-glucose treatments had higher contents of butyric acid (33.45, 21.50 g $kg^{-1}$ DM) and ammonia-N/Total nitrogen (114.91, 87.01 g $kg^{-1}$) as compared with the other treated silages, the fermentation in all silages was clearly dominated by lactic acid. This was well indicated by the low pH (4.38-3.59), and high lactic acid/acetic acid (4.39-22.97) and lactic acid content (46.85-121.76 g $kg^{-1}$ DM). Encapsulated-0.5% glucose and glucose addition increased lactic acid/acetic acid, and significantly (p<0.05) decreased ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the contents of butyric acid and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as compared with the control. However, there were higher butyric acid and lower residual mono-and di-saccharides on the two treatments as compared with sorbic acid and FJLB addition, and their utilization efficiency of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was lower than that of both sorbic acid and FJLB additions. Sorbic acid addition showed the lowest content of ethanol and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the highest content of residual fructose and total mono-and disaccharides as well as the higher lactic acid/acetic acid value. Sorbic acid addition decreased the loss of mono-and disaccharides, and inhibited the activity of clostridial and other undesirable bacteria, and greatly increased the utilization efficiency of fermentable substrates by epiphytic LAB. FJLB addition had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content among all additive treatments, with the most intensive lactic acid fermentation occurring in FJLB treated silage. This resulted in the faster accumulation of lactic acid and faster pH reduction. Sorbic acid and FJLB addition depressed clostridia or other undesirable bacterial fermentation which decreased the WSC loss and saved the fermentable substrate for lactic acid fermentation.

Variations of Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Immune Milk as Affected by Antigen Releasing Devices

Zhaoa, Shengguo,Zhanga, Chungang,Wang, Jiaqi,Liu, Guanglei,Bu, Dengpan,Cheng, Jinbo,Zhou, Lingyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.9

This work was conducted to examine the variation of immunoglobulins (Igs) in serum, immune milk, normal milk and colostrum upon implantation of a new Antigen Releasing Device (ARD). The core of each ARD housed an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) that was made of adjuvant Quil A and type XIII lipase from a Pseudomonas sp. Each ARD was coated with polylactic acid, known as polylactide, that controls antigen release. Twenty lactating Chinese Holstein cows were divided into 2 groups (n = 10): test group and control group. All cows in the test group were implanted with a single injection in the right iliac lymph node with 3 types of ARDs, which were designed to release the antigens at d 0, 14 and 28 post-implantation. Blood and milk samples were collected from both groups, and colostrum samples were also collected from other post-partum cows in the same farm. Concentrations of $IgG_1$, IgA and IgM in whey and serum were measured by sandwich ELISA. The results showed that the $IgG_1$, IgA and IgM concentrations in serum and whey from the test group were higher than from the control group. Among the three Igs measured, the $IgG_1$ concentration in serum was significantly higher at d 40 after ARD implantation, and the $IgG_1$ concentration in whey peaked at d 9, 17 and 30, which corresponded with release of the antigen. Based on Pearson's correlation between Ig concentration and production parameters, IgA concentration in normal milk was positively correlated with lactation period, which reflected IgA changes during the lactation period in immune milk. In colostrum, $IgG_1$, IgA and IgM decreased abruptly from d 0 to 3, and then decreased slightly. In conclusion, serum $IgG_1$ concentration can be affected by controlled release of the ARD, while whey IgA levels are primarily affected by lactation period. These results may be useful in future studies designed to regulate concentrations of Igs in immune milk.

Linoleic Acid in Association with Malate or Fumarate Increased CLA Production and Reduced Methane Generation by Rumen Microbes

X. Z. Lia,R.J. Longb,C.G. Yana,M. Zhanga,C.Y. Lia,M.K. Songc 한국초지조사료학회 2009 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.08

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effect of propionate precursor (malate or fumarate) on fermentation characteristics, production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane (CH₄) by rumen microbes when incubated with linoleic acid (C18:2) as a CLA precursor. Total CH₄ production for 12h incubation, however, was greatly reduced (P<0.0001) by all the supplements compared to that of control, and its production from M-LA or F-LA treatment was smaller than that from LA treatment. Supplementation of M-LA or F-LA also increased concentrations of cis9, trans11-CLA (P<0.039 - P<0.001) for all incubation times and trans10,cis 12-CLA at 1h (P<0.013), 3h(P<0.036) and 12h (P<0.025) incubation times compared to LA supplementation.

Renewable biomass derived hierarchically porous carbonaceous sponges and their magnetic nanocomposites for removal of organic molecules from water

Hongwei Zhou,Bo Yan,Jialiang Lai,Hanbin Liu,Aijie Ma,Weixing Chen,Xilang Jin,Weifeng Zhao,Gai Zhanga 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.58 No.-

This work describes the preparation, characterization and removal capability of a novel biomass derived carbonaceous sponges (CS) and their nanocomposites. The CS has hierarchically porous structure which is composed of lamellar structures and secondary porous structures. The pore size is on a scale from 1 nm to 200 μm. Utilizing the CS as adsorbents, rapid removal of model organic molecules, including methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and crystal violet (CV), from their aqueous solutions can be completed within 1 min with the assistance of pressure and the removal efficiency reaches up to 100%, 81% and 98%, respectively. The removal capabilities for CS towards MB, MO and CV are 0.0769 g/g, 0.2218 g/g and 1.0384 g/g, respectively and 0.0635 g/g, 0.0977 g/g and 0.8634 g/g, respectively for CS nanocomposites.