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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Zemmelink, G. (검색결과 4 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
- 유료
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Cattle Production on Small Holder Farms in East Java, Indonesia: II. Feeds and Feeding Practices
Marjuki, Marjuki,Zemmelink, G.,Ibrahim, M.N.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.2
A survey on feeding practices was conducted with thirty-one cattle farmers belonging to three categories: households without land and no income from agricultural labour (Class 100;10 farms), households without land but deriving considerable income from agricultural labour (Class 101;10 farms), and households with land and without income from agricultural labour (Class 110;11 farms). Information on the types of feeds given of one year. In addition, samples of the feeds offered and refused were collected every two weeks and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Grass was usually cut at an early stage of growth, as such the CP(11.8%) and OMD (62%) were relatively high. All types of rice straw (whole, lower and upper part) and sugarcane forage (tops and leaves) were low in CP (<6 and <8.9%, respectively) and OMD (<45 and <47%, respectively). Rice bran and tofu waste was of much better quality than any other feed. The average number of different feeds in the rations (mean of all farms) was 1.98, with a lower value for class 101 (1.80), than for classes 100 and 110 (2.11 and 2.02, respectively). Of the total amount of OM consumed, 42% was rice straw, 21% grass, 19% maize forage, 10% sugarcane forage, <4% other forages (soya and groundnut straw), 1.3% rice bran and 2.9% tofu waste. The total amount of OM offered varied from <80 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$ in August/September to 1.5 times as much in May (P<0.01). The intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) for farm class 110 ($37.7g/kg^{0.75}/d$) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that for classes 100 and 101 (44.1 and $41.3g/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). The highest CP/IDOM ratio was recorded for farm class 101 (0.201 as compared to 0.181-0.184).
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Effect of Plant Fibre on the Solubility of Mineral Elements
Ibrahim, M.N.M.,Zemmelink, G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.8
Eight feeds and their residues left after washing with tap water (water residue) or incubation in the rumen (rumen residues) were treated with hydrochloric acid, neutral detergent solution without EDTA (NDS) or both, and the release or sorption of minerals (Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cu and Zn) assessed. Six of the feeds were from Sri Lanka (Panicum maximum ecotype Guinea A, Glyricidia maculate, Artocarpus heterophyllus (jak leaves), untreated and urea-treated rice straw, and rice bran) and two from the Netherlands (maize silage and wheat straw). The initial concentration of mineral elements, the concentration of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and the type of feed significantly influenced (p<0.01). The proportion of the mineral elements released or sorbed. In general, feeds with high NDF content (straws and guinea grass) sorbed Ca from tap water, or released less in the rumen, and within these feeds the extent of sorption varied with source of fibre. Acid or NDS treatment removed little of the sorbed Ca, but they removed much of the Mg from both water and rumen residues. Fibres of wheat straw and jak leaves showed an affinity for Mg in the rumen. All feeds and their water and rumen residues sorbed P and Na from NDS, and the extent of sorption varied with the initial concentrations of these elements and with the type of fibre. Acid treatment removed part of the sorbed Na, but not the P. The solubility of K was not affected by the content of NDF, the type of fibre or the initial concentration of K. All feeds and their residues, except for the rumen residues of rice bran sorbed Cu from tap water and in the rumen. The recovery of Cu in rumen residues declined from 353% to 147% after NDS treatment, and with some feeds (glyricidia and jak leaves) the recovery was below 100%. Acid treatment removed part of the Zn sorbed by the water and rumen residues, but the capacity of residues to retain Zn varied with the type of feed.
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Release of Mineral Elements from Tropical Feeds during Degradation in the Rumen
Ibrahim, M.N.M.,Zemmelink, G.,Tamminga, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.5
The proportion of dry matter (DM) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Zn) released from eight feeds (2 rice straws, RSI and RS2; 2 grasses, NB21 and guinea; 2 leguminous fodders, glyricidia and erythrina; jak leaves and rice bran) were studied using the nylon bag procedure. Bag incubations up to 10 days were performed in the rumen of cows fed on a ration consisting of 50% wheat straw and 50% hay. Both the type of feed and the incubation time in the rumen significantly influenced (p < 0.01) the proportion of minerals released. In legumes, jak leaves and rice bran about 80% of the potentially degradable DM fraction was solubilized within 24 h in the rumen, and with the grasses, rice straws and jak leaves a considerable proportion of DM was released between 48 and 240 h in the rumen. During the early hours of incubation (up to 24 h) there were distinct differences between and within the feed classes in their ability to release all mineral elements studied. In all test feeds, high proportions of Mg and K were released within 24 h. Some feeds showed a tendency to ad/absorb Ca (grasses, rice straws and rice bran), P (jak leaves, rice straws), Na (glyricidia and rice bran) and Zn (jak leaves) from water and rumen fluid, and this was partly related to the low initial concentration. In terms of absolute quantity of mineral released, legumes (erythrina is superior to glyricidia) are a good source of Ca, Mg, P and Zn, and jak leaves a good source of Ca and Na. Within grasses, guinea contains appreciable quantity of available Mg and P. Rice bran is rich in available Mg, P and Zn.
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SUBSISTENCE FARMERS' ACCESS TO CATTLE VIA SHARING IN UPLAND FARMING SYSTEMS IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Ifar, S.,Solichin, A.W.,Udo, H.M.J.,Zemmelink, G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.2
In the marginal upland areas of East Java, Indonesia, ruminants provide farming households with tradable assets in addition to manure and draught power. Households are interested in acquiring ruminants at an early stage of household development. This paper discusses farmers' access to cattle via sharing arrangements. In these arrangements owners lend animals to other farmers in retum for a share of the offspring or the profits. Livestock owners only entrust cattle to households with prior experience in livestock keeping and sufficient labour. Details of the sharing contracts differ between villages. Changes in cattle numbers and ownership over time are attributed to patterns of the development of village agriculture and the economic development of farming households. Feed shortages in the dry season bring about short-term changes; cattle numbers decline and the proportion of households rearing shared cattle increases. The institution of sharing plays a major role in replenishing herds after periods of severe drought.
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