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- 저자 : Zant, Amr A. (검색결과 3 건)
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Zant, Janneke C.,Kim, Tae,Prokai, Laszlo,Szarka, Szabolcs,McNally, James,McKenna, James T.,Shukla, Charu,Yang, Chun,Kalinchuk, Anna V.,McCarley, Robert W.,Brown, Ritchie E.,Basheer, Radhika Society for Neuroscience 2016 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.36 No.6
<P>Understanding the control of sleep–wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep–wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these different neuronal types. Recent studies using optogenetics have shown that “selective” stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons increases transitions between NREM sleep and wakefulness, implicating cholinergic projections to cortex in wake promotion. However, the interpretation of these optogenetic experiments is complicated by interactions that may occur within the BF. For instance, a recent <I>in vitro</I> study from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV) (Yang et al., 2014). Thus, the wake-promoting effect of “selective” optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons could be mediated by local excitation of GABA/PV or other non-cholinergic BF neurons. In this study, using a newly designed opto-dialysis probe to couple selective optical stimulation with simultaneous <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we demonstrated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons locally increased acetylcholine levels and increased wakefulness in mice. Surprisingly, the enhanced wakefulness caused by cholinergic stimulation was abolished by simultaneous reverse microdialysis of cholinergic receptor antagonists into BF. Thus, our data suggest that the wake-promoting effect of cholinergic stimulation requires local release of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and activation of cortically projecting, non-cholinergic neurons, including the GABAergic/PV neurons.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Optogenetics is a revolutionary tool to assess the roles of particular groups of neurons in behavioral functions, such as control of sleep and wakefulness. However, the interpretation of optogenetic experiments requires knowledge of the effects of stimulation on local neurotransmitter levels and effects on neighboring neurons. Here, using a novel “opto-dialysis” probe to couple optogenetics and <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we report that optical stimulation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons in mice increases local acetylcholine levels and wakefulness. Reverse microdialysis of cholinergic antagonists within BF prevents the wake-promoting effect. This important result challenges the prevailing dictum that BF cholinergic projections to cortex directly control wakefulness and illustrates the utility of “opto-dialysis” for dissecting the complex brain circuitry underlying behavior.</P>
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Guillaume Zante,Abderrazak Masmoudi,Rémi Barillon,Dominique Trébouet,Maria Boltoeva 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.82 No.-
Solvent extraction of lithium ions from sulfuric acid solutions was investigated using imidazolium-basedionic liquids as diluents and tri-n-butyl phosphate as specific ligand. Aqueous phases used weresimulating leach liquors of spent lithium-ion batteries, with lithium, cobalt and nickel ions in acidicsolutions. A low acidity and a large amount of extractant can ensure high extraction efficiency. But thebetter selectivity for the lithium ions over the transition metals is obtained using a low amount ofextractant and a low pH (pH < 3). The extraction of the lithium ions occurs by cation exchange with theionic liquid cations. A sacrificial cation was introduced in the organic phase to prevent the losses, but thecation exchange is only reduced by 20%. The increase of the ionic liquid cation alkyl chain length canpresumably suppress the cation exchange mechanism, reducing substantially the losses. But the additionof a lipophilic counter-anion in the organic phase is needed to ensure a mechanism of ion pairing with thelithium ion in the organic phase. Using the 1-decyl 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid associated to tri-butyl phosphate, a satisfying extraction efficiency is obtained for thelithium ion, together with a sufficient selectivity among the transition metal ions.
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