프랑스혁명에 의한 스코틀랜드인의 정치의식과 여론 대립구도의 변화

김영국 ( Kim¸ Youngkook ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

프랑스혁명으로 인해 유럽 내 각 국가에서는 내부적으로 서로 다른 정치적 의견이 나타났고 그에 따른 대립이 일어났다. 스코틀랜드 역시 다르지 않았다. 1789년부터 프랑스에서 발생한 일련의 사건들에 대해 영국과 스코틀랜드의 엘리트와 언론은 자신의 입장에 따라 상반되는 의견을 내세웠고 논쟁을 거듭하였다. 그리고 이러한 논쟁은 일반 인민들에게도 이어졌다. 프랑스혁명이 점차 과격해지고 급진적으로 변하자 스코틀랜드 내부의 논쟁도 마찬가지로 심화하였다. 개혁파는 스코틀랜드에 프랑스와 같은 개혁을 도입하려고 하였다. 반대로 친정부파는 이와 같은 현상을 어떻게든 막으려고 노력했다. 그리고 정부는 본격적으로 반목에 개입해 개혁파를 억압하였다. 그러나 전쟁과 프랑스의 침공이라는 위협은 점차 스코틀랜드의 여론을 반프랑스적으로 통합하였다. 스코틀랜드인은 내부의 대립과 반목을 줄이고 외부의 적인 프랑스에 대항해 단결하기 시작했다. 이와 같이 프랑스혁명이 진행함에 따라 스코틀랜드 내부 여론의 대립구도 역시 변화하였다. 그리고 여론의 대립은 스코틀랜드 일반 인민에게 정치의식을 일깨워주었다. 따라서 이 논문은 프랑스혁명기 스코틀랜드에서 나타났던 인민들의 정치의식과 여론의 대립구도가 혁명이 진행됨에 따라 변화하는 과정에 관해 다룸으로써 당시 유럽 내 여러 국가들 안에 존재했던 수많은 종별적인 담론들의 중요성을 시사하고자 한다. The French Revolution had exerted its massive influence in entire Europe. Different and opposing opinions about the Revolution, which led to their confrontations, emerged in each and every country. What happened in Scotland was no different. A series of happenings that had occurred in France since 1789 made British and Scottish elites and presses to dispute with each other due to their conflicting views. These disputes were continued even among the general public. As the Revolution went to extreme with radical changes, the arguments in Scotland had also been deepen. The reformers called for the same reformation that had happened in France. On the contrary, those who were loyal to the government tried their best to stop it. Also, accordingly, British government itself started to intervene in the hostility and suppressed the reformers. However, the war and the threat of French invasion unified the Scottish general opinion as anti-French. The Scottish diminished its internal opposition and hostility, and solidified against the external enemy. As the French Revolution was in transition, the public opinion and its conflict in Scotland have also changed accordingly. Furthermore the opposition of the public opinion has awaken the political awareness of the Scottish people. This article analyzes the process of how the popular political awareness and the confrontational composition of the public opinion in Scotland have altered according to the course of the French Revolution, and therefore implies the importance of numerous specific discourses that existed in each and every country in Europe during the period.

Complexation of Aliphatic Ammonium Ions with a Water-Soluble Cucurbit[6]uril Derivative in Pure Water: Isothermal Calorimetric, NMR, and X-ray Crystallographic Study

Kim, Youngkook,Kim, Hyunuk,Ko, Young Ho,Selvapalam, Narayanan,Rekharsky, Mikhail V.,Inoue, Yoshihisa,Kim, Kimoon WILEY-VCH Verlag 2009 Chemistry Vol.15 No.25

<P>Without interference: The complexation of aliphatic ammonium ions with a water-soluble cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) derivative, CB*[6] (see picture), in pure water is investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The binding affinity of the host in pure water is 2–5 orders of magnitude higher than that in the presence of interfering ions, such as protons and alkali metal ions. <img src='wiley_img/09476539-2009-15-25-CHEM200900305-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09476539-2009-15-25-CHEM200900305-content'> </P><P>Complexation of a water-soluble cucurbituril (CB) derivative, cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB*[6]), the cavity dimensions of which are essentially the same as those of CB[6], with various organic mono- and diammonium ions has been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy. The binding affinity of CB*[6] with the guest molecules in water is 3–5 and 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those of CB[6] in 50 % formic acid and in 0.05 m NaCl solution, respectively, which is mainly due to the larger enthalpic gains upon complex formation in the absence of interfering ions, such as protons and Na<SUP>+</SUP>. In particular, the binding constant (K) of spermine to CB*[6] was measured to be 3.4×10<SUP>12</SUP> m<SUP>−1</SUP>, which is the highest binding constant ever reported for CB[6] or its derivatives. We also obtained the X-ray crystal structures of α,ω-alkanediammonium ions (C<SUB>n</SUB>DA<SUP>2+</SUP>, n=4–8) and spermine complexes with CB[6], in which the aliphatic chains of the guest molecules take an extended or partially bent conformation inside the CB[6] cavity, depending on the chain length. The hexamethylene chain of C<SUB>6</SUB>DA<SUP>2+</SUP> takes a twisted conformation, which not only allows strong ion–dipole interactions between the ammonium groups and the carbonyl groups at the portals, but also increases hydrophobic interactions between the alkyl part of the guest and the inner wall of the host, which results in the largest enthalpic gain among α,ω-alkanediammonium ions. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the complexation are discussed in relation to the binding modes and conformations of the aliphatic chain of the guest molecules inside the host, which were investigated by <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Without interference: The complexation of aliphatic ammonium ions with a water-soluble cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) derivative, CB*[6] (see picture), in pure water is investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The binding affinity of the host in pure water is 2–5 orders of magnitude higher than that in the presence of interfering ions, such as protons and alkali metal ions. <img src='wiley_img/09476539-2009-15-25-CHEM200900305-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09476539-2009-15-25-CHEM200900305-content'> </P>

CTOC 에서 3주소 코드를 효율적인 스택 기반 코드로의 변환기 설계

김영국(Youngkook Kim),김기태(Ki-tae Kim),조선문(Sunmoon Jo),김웅식(Woongsik Kim),유원희(Weonhee Yoo) 한국정보과학회 2004 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.31 No.2Ⅰ

자바는 객체 지향 언어이고, 분산 환경을 지원하고, 플랫폼에 독립적인 장점을 갖지만 다른 C나 C++같은 컴파일언어에 비해서는 실행속도가 느리다는 단점을 가진다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 뭐한 방법으로 네이티브 코드로의 변환, 코드 최적화, JIT 컴파일 방법등을 이용한다. 그러나 이전 방법들은 다음과 같은 한계점을 가진다. 클래스 파일을 네이티브 코드로의 변환은 플랫폼의 종속되고, 코드 최적화 방법은 고유의 최적화 방법만을 적용할 수 있었고 JIT 컴파일 방법은 한 번의 실행후 다음 실행해야 속도향상을 꾀할 수 있었다. 본 논문은 바이트 코드를 최적화하기 위한 자바최적화 프레임워크를 설명하고 자바최적화 프레임워크의 구성을 하는 부분중 3주소형식의 중간코드를 스택기반 코드로 변환하는 부분을 설계하고, 3주소 코드로 변환한 중간 코드를 스택 기반 코드로 변환하면서 생기는 괴다한 load/store의 문제점을 지적하고 그것을 해결할 수 있는 변환기를 제안한다.

The Movement of Non-Focused Relative Clauses

Youngkook Kim 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2010 언어연구 Vol.27 No.2

The relative clauses are base-generated within the scope of determiner, namely, [Spec,AgrP] and the non-focused (nonrestrictive) relative clauses further move out of the scope of determiner (pre-determiner position), or [Spec,DP] to receive a proper interpretation. The restrictive relative clauses remain in their original position without any movement in syntax or at LF, irrespectively of whether they are Korean or English. On the other hand, the movement of non-focused relative clauses occurs syntactically in Korean and it happens in LF in English. The restrictive relative clauses check their focus feature in [Spec,AgrP], or inside of the scope of determiner, and the non-focused (nonrestrictive) relative clauses check their non-focus (TOPIC) feature in [Spec,DP], regardless of whether they are English or Korean. The difference between English and Korean is whether the non-focused (non-restrictive) relative clauses check their features in syntax or at LF. The non-focused (non-restrictive) relative clause in Korean checks in syntax while in English at LF.

Detection of Aflatoxins in Soybean Food by HPLC

Youngkook Kim(김영국),Jungkoo Roh(노정구) 한국식품과학회 1985 한국식품과학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Impacts of the perception of physical environments and the actual physical environments on self-rated health

Youngkook Kim 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2016 도시과학국제저널 Vol.20 No.1

A series of studies have supported the significant and positive relationships between surrounding built environments and physical activities. In addition, it is quite clear that vigorous physical activities generally lead to good health outcomes. Usually, good health is considered as the result of active living, such as daily walking and bicycling. Therefore, favorable, walkable, and bikable built environments near residential areas could initiate dynamic and diverse physical activities, resulting in good health outcomes. Although the physical environments around residential areas may have similar conditions, people may differently recognize the surrounding environments depending on the individual’s subjective assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relative importance between the perception of environments and physical circumstances with regard to self-rated health. The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of environmental perception and actual physical environments on self-rated health. An integrated dataset of environmental perception and built environment characteristics and self-rated health was developed for a survey sample of residential locations (n = 543) in the city of Columbus, OH, USA. Perceived walkable destinations around the home are significantly and positively associated with good health evaluations. In contrast, physical environments do not obtain a statistical significance.

Water soluble cucurbit[6]uril derivative as a potential Xe carrier for ¹²⁹Xe NMR-based biosensors

Kim, Byoung Soo,Ko, Young Ho,Kim, Youngkook,Lee, Hyeong Ju,Selvapalam, N.,Lee, Hee Cheon,Kim, Kimoon Royal Society of Chemistry 2008 Chemical communications Vol.2008 No.24

<P>The water soluble cucurbit[6]uril derivative CB*[6] forms a thermodynamically and kinetically stable host–guest complex with xenon in water, the binding affinity of which is about 3 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> M<SUP>−1</SUP>, comparable to those of cryptophanes, suggesting that it may serve as an effective molecular “carrier” for <SUP>129</SUP>Xe NMR-based biosensors.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The water soluble cucurbit[6]uril derivative CB*[6] forms a thermodynamically and kinetically stable host–guest complex with xenon in water, which suggests that it may serve as an effective molecular “carrier” for <SUP>129</SUP>Xe NMR-based biosensors. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b805724a'> </P>

Quadruple metal-based layered structure as the photocatalyst for conversion of carbon dioxide into a value added carbon monoxide with high selectivity and efficiency

Kim, Keon-Han,Kim, Sangjun,Moon, Byeong Cheul,Choi, Jae Won,Jeong, Hyung Mo,Kwon, Youngkook,Kwon, Sunil,Choi, Hwa Seob,Kang, Jeung Ku The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.5 No.18

Panaxynone A, a New Inhibitor of Acyl-CoA : Cholesterol Acyltransferase from the roots of Panax ginseng

Kim YoungKook,Lee SeungWoong,Ko JeongSuk,Chung MiYeon,Chang KyuTae,Kim YoungHo,Rho MunChual,Lee HyunSun 大韓藥學會 2001 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2001 No.2

Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Inhibitors from the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa and the Root of Salvia miltiorrhiza

Kim YoungKook,Lee HyunSun,Rho MunChual,Kang JongSeong,Ryu Shiyoung,Chung MiYeon,Ko JeongSuk 大韓藥學會 2002 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2002 No.2