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Grim, Christopher J.,Zo, Young-Gun,Hasan, Nur A.,Ali, Afsar,Chowdhury, Wasimul B.,Islam, Atiqul,Rashid, Mohammed H.,Alam, Munirul,Morris Jr., J. Glenn,Huq, Anwar,Colwell, Rita R. American Society for Microbiology 2009 Applied and environmental microbiology Vol.75 No.17
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>A species-specific RNA colony blot hybridization protocol was developed for enumeration of culturable <I>Vibrio cholerae</I> and <I>Vibrio mimicus</I> bacteria in environmental water samples. Bacterial colonies on selective or nonselective plates were lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the lysates were immobilized on nylon membranes. A fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting a phylogenetic signature sequence of 16S rRNA of <I>V. cholerae</I> and <I>V. mimicus</I> was hybridized to rRNA molecules immobilized on the nylon colony lift blots. The protocol produced strong positive signals for all colonies of the 15 diverse <I>V. cholerae</I>-<I>V. mimicus</I> strains tested, indicating 100% sensitivity of the probe for the targeted species. For visible colonies of 10 nontarget species, the specificity of the probe was calculated to be 90% because of a weak positive signal produced by <I>Grimontia</I> (<I>Vibrio</I>) <I>hollisae</I>, a marine bacterium. When both the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were evaluated using lake water samples amended with a bioluminescent <I>V. cholerae</I> strain, no false-negative or false-positive results were found, indicating 100% sensitivity and specificity for culturable bacterial populations in freshwater samples when <I>G. hollisae</I> was not present. When the protocol was applied to laboratory microcosms containing <I>V. cholerae</I> attached to live copepods, copepods were found to carry approximately 10,000 to 50,000 CFU of <I>V. cholerae</I> per copepod. The protocol was also used to analyze pond water samples collected in an area of cholera endemicity in Bangladesh over a 9-month period. Water samples collected from six ponds demonstrated a peak in abundance of total culturable <I>V. cholerae</I> bacteria 1 to 2 months prior to observed increases in pathogenic <I>V. cholerae</I> and in clinical cases recorded by the area health clinic. The method provides a highly specific and sensitive tool for monitoring the dynamics of <I>V. cholerae</I> in the environment. The RNA blot hybridization protocol can also be applied to detection of other gram-negative bacteria for taxon-specific enumeration.</P>
Surface-Effect-Induced Optical Bandgap Shrinkage in GaN Nanotubes
Park, Young S.,Lee, Geunsik,Holmes, Mark J.,Chan, Christopher C. S.,Reid, Benjamin P. L.,Alexander-Webber, Jack A.,Nicholas, Robin J.,Taylor, Robert A.,Kim, Kwang S.,Han, Sang W.,Yang, Woochul,Jo, Y. American Chemical Society 2015 NANO LETTERS Vol.15 No.7
<P>We investigate nontrivial surface effects on the optical properties of self-assembled crystalline GaN nanotubes grown on Si substrates. The excitonic emission is observed to redshift by ∼100 meV with respect to that of bulk GaN. We find that the conduction band edge is mainly dominated by surface atoms, and that a larger number of surface atoms for the tube is likely to increase the bandwidth, thus reducing the optical bandgap. The experimental findings can have important impacts in the understanding of the role of surfaces in nanostructured semiconductors with an enhanced surface/volume ratio.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2015/nalefd.2015.15.issue-7/acs.nanolett.5b00924/production/images/medium/nl-2015-00924p_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl5b00924'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease
Frederickson, Christopher J.,Koh, Jae-Young,Bush, Ashley I. Nature Publishing Group 2005 Nature reviews. Neuroscience Vol.6 No.6
The use of zinc in medicinal skin cream was mentioned in Egyptian papyri from 2000 BC (for example, the Smith Papyrus), and zinc has apparently been used fairly steadily throughout Roman and modern times (for example, as the American lotion named for its zinc ore, 'Calamine'). It is, therefore, somewhat ironic that zinc is a relatively late addition to the pantheon of signal ions in biology and medicine. However, the number of biological functions, health implications and pharmacological targets that are emerging for zinc indicate that it might turn out to be 'the calcium of the twenty-first century'.
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery: A Versatile Tool for Colorectal Surgeons
정주영,Christopher J. Young 대한대장항문학회 2017 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.33 No.4
Purpose: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique with the combined benefits of laparoscopic surgery while allowing the use of the surgeon’s hand for better tactile control. Obesity has been associated with higher conversion rates with multiport laparoscopic surgery, but not with HALS. This study aimed to examine the versatility of HALS in various clinical contexts. Methods: All HALSs performed at 2 major tertiary centers in Sydney were prospectively collected for retrospective analysis. Variables including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), previous surgeries, pathologies including size and T-stage, and the number of conversions to a midline laparotomy were examined. Results: A total of 121 HALS colorectal resections were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 62 years, with 63.6% being women. Seven patients required conversion to a midline laparotomy. Of the 121 patients, 50.2% were overweight or obese, and 52.9% had undergone previous abdominal/pelvic operations. However, neither obesity nor abdominal adhesions from previous operations were an indication for conversion to an open laparotomy in any of the 7 converted patients. The presence of intra-abdominal adhesions did not impact the operative time. HALS allowed access to the entire colon and rectum and allowed resection of the bladder, uterus, and ureter, when these organs were involved. Conclusion: HALS is a versatile, minimally invasive technique, which is independent of the patient’s BMI, for performing a colorectal resection.
A 3D human neural cell culture system for modeling Alzheimer's disease
Kim, Young Hye,Choi, Se Hoon,D'Avanzo, Carla,Hebisch, Matthias,Sliwinski, Christopher,Bylykbashi, Enjana,Washicosky, Kevin J,Klee, Justin B,Brü,stle, Oliver,Tanzi, Rudolph E,Kim, Doo Yeon Nature Publishing Group 2015 NATURE PROTOCOLS -ELECTRONIC EDITION- Vol.10 No.7
Stem cell technologies have facilitated the development of human cellular disease models that can be used to study pathogenesis and test therapeutic candidates. These models hold promise for complex neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), because existing animal models have been unable to fully recapitulate all aspects of pathology. We recently reported the characterization of a novel 3D culture system that exhibits key events in AD pathogenesis, including extracellular aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. Here we provide instructions for the generation and analysis of 3D human neural cell cultures, including the production of genetically modified human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) with familial AD mutations, the differentiation of the hNPCs in a 3D matrix and the analysis of AD pathogenesis. The 3D culture generation takes 1–2 d. The aggregation of Aβ is observed after 6 weeks of differentiation, followed by robust tau pathology after 10–14 weeks.
Hong, Do-Young,Miller, Stephen J.,Agrawal, Pradeep K.,Jones, Christopher W. Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Chemical communications Vol.46 No.7
<P>Pt supported on HY zeolite is successfully used as a bifunctional catalyst for phenol hydrodeoxygenation in a fixed-bed configuration at elevated hydrogen pressures, leading to hydrogenation–hydrogenolysis ring-coupling reactions producing hydrocarbons, some with enhanced molecular weight.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A bifunctional zeolite-supported metal catalyst successfully hydrogenates and couples phenol in a fixed-bed configuration. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b918209h'> </P>
Transperineal rectocele repair is ideal for patients presenting with fecal incontinence
De Robles Marie Shella,Young Christopher J. 대한대장항문학회 2022 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.38 No.5
Purpose: Rectocele can be associated with both obstructed defecation and fecal incontinence. There exists a great variety of operative techniques to treat patients with rectocele. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome in a consecutive series of patients who underwent transperineal repair of rectocele when presenting with fecal incontinence as the predominant symptom. Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients from April 2000 to July 2015 with symptomatic rectocele underwent transperineal repair by a single surgeon. Results: All patients had a history of vaginal delivery, with or without evidence of associated anal sphincter injury at the time. The median age of the cohort was 53 years (range, 21–90 years). None were fully continent preoperatively. However, continence improved to just rare mucus soiling or loss of flatus in all patients 6 months after their surgery. There was no operative mortality. Postoperative complications including urinary retention and wound dehiscence occurred in 3 patients. Conclusion: Fecal incontinence associated with rectocele is multifactorial and may be caused by preexisting anal sphincteric damage and attenuation. Our experience suggests that transperineal repair provides excellent anatomic and physiologic results with minimal morbidity in selected patients presenting with combined rectocele and anal sphincter defect.