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가습기살균제 피해 신청자들의 인구학적 특성 및 노출평가
최윤형(Yoon-Hyeong Choi),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),윤정교(Jeonggyo Yoon),이슬아( Seula Lee),곽정현(Jung Hyun Kwak),한보영(Bo-Young Han),추연희(Yeon-Hee Chu),김판기(Pan-Gyi Kim),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.4
Objectives: The aim of this study was to introduce the overall progress of exposure assessment to humidifier disinfectant (HD); to present participants’ demographic characteristics, exposure characteristics to humidifier disinfectant, and exposure classification; and furthermore to compare those characteristics between survivors and non-survivors. Methods: An assessment of environmental exposure to HD was conducted using modified HD-specific questionnaires that had been previously validated. We analyzed the data from 4,482 participants who had been potentially exposed to HD and had registered with the KEITI (Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute) from September 2016 to May 2018 (the fourth survey). Environmental exposure assessments were performed as follows: 1) contact with participants, 2) environmental exposure assessment though face-to-face interviews, 3) assessment review and coding, and 4) exposure rating. Results: Overall, survivors made up 77.1% (3,457 subjects) and non-survivors made up 22.9% (1,025 subjects). When compared with the survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of subjects aged >60 years and subjects who answered as suffering lung damage and having purchased HD because it is “Beneficial to health” (p<0.05). For the exposure characteristics compared to survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of cases of distance from humidifier to face being less that one meter and the spray direction being toward the face (p<0.05). Overall, respondents who used the “Oxy Ssak Ssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun”, “Aekyung Gaseupgi Mate”, “Homeplus Gaseupgi Chungjungje”, and “E-Mart Gaseupgi Salgyunje” products made up 66.1, 12.3, 4.0, and 3.6%, respectively, and 72.5% of respondents used products with PHMG as the active chemical.?When compared with survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of use of “Oxy Ssak Ssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun” but a lower proportion of use of products with CMIT/MIT, PGH, or PHMG as the active chemical. Conclusions: This study provided demographic characteristics and exposure assessment for applicants who have been injured by HD. In spite of the limitations of performing past exposure assessment through a questionnaire survey, such as recall bias, useful results may be obtained by comparing survivors with non-survivors. Further studies such as the exposure rating method and so on are necessary to assess past exposure to HD.
철/망간 산화물 피복제를 이용한 오염지하수에서의 As(III)제거
김주용,최윤형,김경웅,안주성,김동욱,Kim Ju-Yong,Choi Yoon-Hyeong,Kim Kyoung-Woong,Ahn Joo Sung,Kim Dong Wook 대한자원환경지질학회 2005 자원환경지질 Vol.38 No.5
철산화물 피복 모래를 이용한 투수성 반응 벽체는 As(V)로 오염된 지하수의 처리에 매우 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다 그러나 이 방법은 As(III)에 있어서는 그 제거효과가 제한적인 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 위 방법에 의한 3가 비소제거의 한계를 극복하기 위해서 As(III)를 As(V)로 산화시킬 수 있는 능력을 가진 망간산화물 피복 물질을 비소저감 촉진제로서, 철산화물 피복 물질을 이용한 처리 기법에 함께 적용하였다. 철산화물 피복 모래와 망간산화물 피복 모래를 함께 이용한 비소제거 방법으로서, 순차 제거법과 동시 제거법이 연구되었다. 두 가지 처리 방법 모두 6시간동안 $85\%$ 이상의 높은 비소제거 효율을 보였으며, 처리과정 동안 흡착제 표면의 철이나 망간의 용해에 의한 2차적인 오염도 일어나지 않았다. 그러나, 동시 제거법은 비소 저감 후 처리수의 산성도를 pH 6.0의 중성상태로 유지하는 반면, 순차 제거법은 처리수를 pH 4.5의 산성상태로 변화시키는 작용을 일으켜, 음용수로서의 이용을 위한 오염 지하수의 비소 저감법으로는 동시 제거법이 적합한 것으로 판정되었다. 보다 높은 As(III) 제거 효과를 위해, 망간 및 철산화물을 폴리프로필렌 섬유에 피복시켜 비소제거에 적용하였다. 폴리프로필렌 섬유는 높은 표면적과 낮은 비중의 특성을 가진, 신축성 있는 스폰지와 같은 저렴한 중합체의 일종이다. 이를 이용한 비소 제거법은 피복모래를 이용한 방법보다 월등히 뛰어난 $99\%$ 이상의 높은 비소제거 효율을 나타내었다. 또한, 피복 폴리프로필렌 섬유를 이용한 방법은 비소에 오염된 물의 음용수로의 이용을 위한 간편한 처리기법으로서 적용하기에 좋은 많은 실용적인 장점들을 가지고 있다. Permeable reactive barrier using iron oxide coated sand is one of effective technologies for As(V) contaminated groundwater. However, this method is restricted to As(III), because As(III) species tends to be more weakly bound to adsorbent. In order to overcome the limitation of iron oxide coated sand application to As(III) contaminated groundwater, manganese oxide materials as promoter of As(III) removal were combined to the conventional technology in this study. For combined use of iron oxide coated sand and manganese oxide coated sand, two kinds of removal methods, sequential removal method and simultaneous removal method, were introduced. Both methods showed similar removal efficiency over $85\%$ for 6 hrs. However, the sequential method converted the As contaminated water to acid state (pH 4.5), on the contrary, the simultaneous method maintained neutral state (pH 6.0). Therefore, simultaneous As removal method was ascertained as a suitable treatment technology of As contaminated water. Moreover, for more effective As(III) remediation technique, polypropylene textile which has the characteristics of high surface area, low specific gravity and flexibility was applied as alternative material of sand. The combined use of coated polypropylenes by simultaneous method showed much more prominent and rapid remediation efficiency over $99\%$ after 6 hrs; besides, it has practical advantages in replacement or disposal of adsorbent for simple conventional removal device.