ON LOCALIZATION IN HOMOTOPY THEORY

SHEN, XIN-YAO TOPOLOGY AND GEOMETRY RESEARCH CENTER 1995 Proceedings of the Topology and Geometry Research Vol.6 No.-

A Short Discussion on the Wh- Question Derivational Process

Shen, Yao 서울大學校 語學硏究所 1976 應用 言語學 Vol.8 No.1

The two kinds of wh-questions under study are the subject wh-question and the predicate wh-questions. In the former, the wh- word is the subject of the sentence. Two examples are: What is attracting Mary? and Who has seen Mary? In the latter, the wh-word is in the predicate of the sentence. Two example are: What is Mary attracting? and Who(m) has Mary seen? The derivational process under discussion is the two-step procedure by which the wh-questions are derived, for it raeses questions concerning the same manipulative process in arriving at two different kinds of wh-questions.

A Word on Tense and Verb in Some English Sentences

Shen, Yao 서울대학교 어학연구소 1974 言語敎育 Vol.6 No.1

The and verb in an English sentence are two different and destinctive grammatical features. There are two tenses in English and two only. They are the present tense and the past tense. Tense refers to certain forms of a word. For cxample:

Modal NEED and verb NEED : A Syntactic Observation

Shen, Yao 서울大學校 語學硏究所 1977 應用 言語學 Vol.9 No.1

Among the English modals which have been studied during the course of this century, one word which appears to need further and detailed examination is need. In some studies, need is not included (Diver 1964; Jenkins 1972; Chiu 1974). In certain others, need is treated only in a general way (Zandvoort 1957; Kingdon 1958; Strang 1962, 1968; Erhmann 1966; Boyd and Thorne 1969; Newmeyer 1969, 1970; Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik 1972, 1973). A few earlier scholars provided a host of sentences in which need occurs (Poutsma 1926; Curme 1931; Jespersen 1931; Kruisinga 1931). The distinction between modal need and verb need, nevertheless, is far from being made clear. Among recent scholars, Twaddell lists some exhaustive formulas of modals and auxiliaries (1960, 1963), and Joos goes further into the form and meanings of need (1964). More satisfactory results, however, could have been attained, had the authors given extensive examples to clarify their explanations and to support their descriptions. Perhaps, to juxtapose modal need and independent verb need by observing their syntactic behavior, in terms of what may precede need and what may follow it, including the occurrence of to (+to) and non-occurrence of to (-to) after need, and what may further follow in ecah case, might help to identify modal need distinguished from verb need in a more explicit way.

Surface Grammar, Deep Grammar, and Language Production

Shen, Yao 서울대학교 어학연구소 1970 言語敎育 Vol.2 No.2

On the other hand, any learning, including learning to produce a language, must not be fossilized in the surface level. There should be a possibility provided in the discipline to enable the learner to reach maturity and to produce any number of new sentences in that language. Transformational processes demonstrate how grammatical maturity can be attained through the application of a set of ordered rules and how an endless number of new sentences with different surface grammar can be derived from the same grammatical model in the deep. The enjoyment of this possibility, nevertheless, is the privilege of a speaker who already has a fair control of the language features and is at ease in the lexical compatibility in that language. Needless to say, this is the privilege of a native speaker. However, it must not be taken to be on denied of the non-native speaker. Aside from the handicap he has in lexical compatibility, he can learn to produce grammatically mature sentences and to produce an endless number of new sentences through transformational processes. And it is the explication of this process in language production that distinguishes transformational grammar from all other previous grammars.

Surface Grammar and Deep Grammar Historically : Theory and Application

Shen, Yao 서울대학교 어학연구소 1971 言語敎育 Vol.3 No.2

MED1 induces M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages to aggravate breast cancer

Shen Ye,Zhou Lianming,Xu Meiyu,Tan Zhanhai,Yao Kai,Wang Wenjie 한국유전학회 2023 Genes & Genomics Vol.45 No.12

Background Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in female, and its 5-year survival rate remains low. The correlation between mediator subunit 1 (MED1) gene and macrophage phenotypic transformation may be a key factor affecting the therapeutic effect on cancer. Objective The present study intended to explore the role of MED1 in macrophage polarization and its further influence on the malignant behaviors of breast cancer. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to predict the expression pattern of MED1 in breast cancer. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect the effect of MED1 overexpression or silencing on macrophage polarization. ELISA was applied to analyze the effect of abnormal MED1 expression on cytokine secretion of macrophages. CCK-8, colony formation, Transwell and scratch healing assays were applied to investigate the effects of macrophage conditioned medium on the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells. Results MED1 expression was prominently increased in M2 macrophages, and overexpression of MED1 significantly increased M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and IL-10 cytokine level. Meanwhile, M2 macrophages with MED1 overexpression could significantly promote the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells. Dasatinib rescue experiment further confirmed that MED1-induced M2 macrophage polarization could facilitate the malignant progression of breast cancer cells. Conclusion In summary, MED1 could induce M2 macrophage polarization and thus regulate the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells.

Diffusion Mechanism of Lithium Ion through Basal Plane of Layered Graphene

Yao, Fei,Gü,neş,, Fethullah,Ta, Huy Quang,Lee, Seung Mi,Chae, Seung Jin,Sheem, Kyeu Yoon,Cojocaru, Costel Sorin,Xie, Si Shen,Lee, Young Hee American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.20

<P>Coexistence of both edge plane and basal plane in graphite often hinders the understanding of lithium ion diffusion mechanism. In this report, two types of graphene samples were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD): (i) well-defined basal plane graphene grown on Cu foil and (ii) edge plane-enriched graphene layers grown on Ni film. Electrochemical performance of the graphene electrode can be split into two regimes depending on the number of graphene layers: (i) the corrosion-dominant regime and (ii) the lithiation-dominant regime. Li ion diffusion perpendicular to the basal plane of graphene is facilitated by defects, whereas diffusion parallel to the plane is limited by the steric hindrance that originates from aggregated Li ions adsorbed on the abundant defect sites. The critical layer thickness (<I>l</I><SUB>c</SUB>) to effectively prohibit substrate reaction using CVD-grown graphene layers was predicted to be ∼6 layers, independent of defect population. Our density functional theory calculations demonstrate that divacancies and higher order defects have reasonable diffusion barrier heights allowing lithium diffusion through the basal plane but neither monovacancies nor Stone-Wales defect.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-20/ja301586m/production/images/medium/ja-2012-01586m_0003.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja301586m'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Academia or enterprises: gender, research outputs, and employment among PhD graduates in China

Shen Wenqin,Gao Yao,Zhang Bin,Jiang Jin 서울대학교 교육연구소 2018 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.19 No.2

PhD graduates play an important role in the national innovation system. However, only a few studies have explored Chinese PhD graduates’ employment and development prospects because of limited data. To fill in this gap, this study conducted a survey of doctoral recipients in 13 Chinese universities. The authors drew on the national survey data and in-depth interviews to critically analyze the PhD graduates’ job preferences, employment outcomes, and factors that affect their employment sectors. Results indicate a notable difference between the graduates’ job preferences and their employment outcomes. The proportion of employment in academia is substantially below expected, particularly among female graduates. This study specifically focuses on the impact of gender and scientific output (including articles and patents) on the employment outcomes of PhD graduates. Compared with graduates employed by the non-academic sectors, male graduates have a lower probability of employment in universities and research institutions. Compared with those working in enterprises, PhD graduates employed in universities and research institutions published more during their doctoral study. For graduates who majored in science, engineering, and agricultural sciences, having patents increases their probability of working in the enterprises.

A Novel Compensator for Eliminating DC Magnetizing Current Bias in Hybrid Modulated Dual Active Bridge Converters

Yao, Yunpeng,Xu, Shen,Sun, Weifeng,Lu, Shengli The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.5

This paper proposes a compensator to eliminate the DC bias of inductor current. This method utilizes an average-current sensing technique to detect the DC bias of inductor current. A small signal model of the DC bias compensation loop is derived. It is shown that the DC bias has a one-pole relationship with the duty cycle of the left side leading lag. By considering the pole produced by the dual active bridge (DAB) converter and the pole produced by the average-current sensing module, a one-pole-one-zero digital compensation method is given. By using this method, the DC bias is eliminated, and the stability of the compensation loop is ensured. The performance of the proposed compensator is verified with a 1.2-kW DAB converter prototype.