신세기 "저층문학" 시론 -차오정루(曹征路) 글쓰기의 의미

( Xin Nian Kuang ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소 2014 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.56 No.-

2004년 발표된 차오정루의 중편소설 「거기」는 중국 문단에서 한 중요한 문학적 사건으로 기록되면서, ‘저층의 글쓰기’와 ‘신좌익 문학’ 등 굵직굵직한 문학적 화두와 광범위한 사회적 토론을 이끌어냈을 뿐 아니라, 문학 자체에 대해서도 새로이 사고하도록 만든 장본이었다. 이로 인해 차오정루는 ‘저층의 글쓰기’와 ‘신좌익 문학’의 대표 작가로 자리매김하였다. 1980년대 초 문화대혁명에 대한 반성과 개혁 담화가 나오면서, ‘반사문학’이라든지 ‘개혁문학’의 조류가 형성되기도 하였다. 차오정루의 글쓰기에서는 전통 국영기업에서 일하던 산업노동자들과 ‘농민공’으로 구성된 ‘새로운 노동자’층의 생존 환경이 주된 묘사의 대상이며, 저층 노동자들의 생활에 대한 서술을 통해 노동자 계급의 ‘반사문학’이 되었고, 개혁개방 시대 개혁 자체에 대한 반성을 이끌어냈다. ‘저층의 글쓰기’와 ‘신좌익 문학’ 은 이미 문학의 제재에 있어 일치하지만, 사상적 원천에 있어서는 구별된다. ‘저층의 글쓰기’에서는 글쓰기의 원천이 인도주의인데 비해, ‘신좌익 문학’의 사상적 원천은 마르크스주의이다. ‘신좌익 문학’의 형성은 현대성에 대한 반성과 맞닿아있다. ‘저층의 글쓰기’와 ‘신좌익 문학’은 1990년대 이래 ‘개인화된 글쓰기’, ‘여성주의 글쓰기’, ‘신생대 소설’, ‘몸의 글쓰기’, ‘욕망의 서사’, ‘신체험 소설’, ‘신시민 소설’, ‘상해의 기억’ 등의 문학 현상을 포함하며 유행한‘중산계급의 글쓰기’ 조류에 대항하면서, ‘중산계급의 글쓰기’와는 다른 입장과 관점 그리고 의식형태와 사회현상을 드러내고 있다. ‘중산계급의 글쓰기’의 가장 중요한 특성이 ‘탈정치화’라면, ‘신좌익 문학’의 특성은 문학으로 하여금 다시 정치적 감각을 회복하게 하려는 데 있다. 차오정루의 글쓰기는 1980년대 형성된 ‘순문학’ 체제의 조류에 대한 반성과 밀접하게 연관되어 있어서, ‘순문학’에 대한 반성 가운데서 새롭게 문학의 정치성을 회복하고 다시 리얼리즘 글쓰기에 의미를 부여하려는 것으로 보인다. 2005년 미국에서 활동하는 중국 혈통 작가 하진이 ‘위대한 중국 소설’이라는 개념을 내놓은 바 있다. 훌륭한 작품은 개인적이고 자기 성찰적인가? 아니면 사회현실을 반영하고 인간의 가장 보편적인 본질을 구현하는 것인가? 아니면 민족역사문화의 기초 위에 구축되어야 하는 것인가? 이는 개인의 내면적 성찰을 강조하는 경향과 민족의 경험을 강조하는 경향의 양자간 대립을 형성하면서 중국문학계에 상당한 논쟁을 불러일으켰다. In 2004, Cao Zhenglu published novella, there, became an important literary issue, and give rise to the important broad topic about "bottom writing" and "new left-wing literature" and so on. His writing also caused a number of people to rethink literature. Cao Zhenglu is regarded as the "bottom writing" and "new left-wing literature". At the early 1980s, the reflection of the Culture Revolution and the expression of the reformation discourse, was formed as a trend of ``Reflection Literature`` and ``Reform Literature``. Cao Zhenglu`s writings intended by adversity of industrial workers in the state-owned enterprises and new workers that consist of migrant workers. Through the narrative of life of workers in the bottom, became the ``Reflection Literature`` of the working class as well as reflections on reform. "Bottom writing" and "new left-wing literature" are in chime with the writing theme, and again, there are the source of ideology differences, as well. The source of "Bottom writing" is Humannism and the source of ideology of "new left-wing literature" is Marxism. The formation of "new left-wing literature" interdigitate with the reflections on Modernity. "Bottom writing" and "new left-wing literature" in rebellion against ``Middle-class writing`` trend including the prevalence of the ``personal writing``, ``feminist writing``, ``cenozoic era novel``, ``body writing``, ``narrative desire``, ``new experience fiction``, ``new citizen novel``, ``Shanghai memories`` in the 1990s. It is embodied the differences from the ``Middle-class writing``, including position, view, ideology, and social imagination. The characteristic of ``Middle-class writing`` is de-politics; however, ``new left-wing literature`` let literature regain political feeling. There is a close relationship between Cao Zhenglu`s writings and reflections of ``pure literature`` structure in the 1980s. In the process of being reflected, we have to renew political literature, and reaffirmed the significance of realistic writing as well. In 2005, Chinese- American writer Ha Jin argued that the concept of ``great chinese novel``, that is to say a fine literary effort is personal or introspective? If not, reflection of society or gives expression to most general essence? If not, based on national history and culture foundation? This is the confrontation between emphasize of the inner introspection and emphasize of the ethnic experiences, has caused quite a stir in the Chinese literature community.

R&D intensity, free cash flow, and technological innovation: evidence from high-tech manufacturing firms in China

Xin Kuang,Chen Xin,Zhang Ran,Sun Yuchun 기술경영경제학회 2019 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.27 No.2

Technological innovation, which can be classified into major and minor innovation, enables firms to gain competitive and sustainable advantage in the changing environment. R&D investment and financial resources are recognized as two critical factors for fostering technological innovation. Based on a panel dataset of 257 listed Chinese high-tech manufacturing firms over the period of 2008–2015, we explored the effect of R&D intensity on technological innovation and the moderating role of free cash flow using negative binormal regression models. Our results reveal that the relationship between R&D intensity and technological innovation (both major and minor innovation) follows an inverted U pattern in which technological innovation increases with R&D intensity at decreasing rates and falls gradually after R&D intensity exceeds a threshold. Our results also indicate that free cash flow plays a moderating role in the relationship between R&D intensity and major innovation but not in the relationship between R&D intensity and minor innovation. Our study draws attention to the improvement of R&D investment efficiency in high-tech manufacturing firms and sheds light on the importance of holding cash in major innovation-oriented firms.

Preparation and Characterization of Porous and Composite Nanoparticulate Films of CdS at the Air/Water Interface

Guanglei Ji,Kuang-Cai Chen,Yan-Gang Yang,Guoqing Xin,이용일,Hong-Guo Liu 대한화학회 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.9

CdS nano-particulate films were prepared at the air/water interface under Langmuir monolayers of arachidic acid (AA)via interfacial reaction between Cd2+ ions in the subphase and H2S molecules in the gaseous phase. The films were made up of fine CdS nanoparticles with hexagonal Wurtzite crystal structure after reaction. It was revealed that the formation of CdS nano-particulate films depends largely on the experimental conditions. When the films were ripened at room temperature or an increased temperature (60 oC) for one day, numerous holes were appeared due to the dissolution of smaller nanoparticles and the growth of bigger nanoparticles with an improved crystallinity. When the films were ripened further, CdS rodlike nanoparticles with cubic zinc blende crystal structure appeared due to the re-nucleation and growth of CdS nanoparticles at the stacking faults and defect structures of the hexagonal CdS grains. These structures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These results declare that CdS semiconductor nanoparticles formed at the air/water interface change their morphologies and crystal structures during the ripening process due to dissolution and recrystallization of the particles.

Effect of Zhongyi paste on inflammatory pain in mice by regulation of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2-cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E₂ pathway

Xiao, Ailan,Wu, Chuncao,Kuang, Lei,Lu, Weizhong,Zhao, Xin,Kuang, Zhiping,Hao, Na The Korean Pain Society 2020 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.33 No.4

Background: Zhongyi paste is a traditional Chinese medicine herbal paste that is externally applied to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Methods: An acute foot swelling inflammation model in C57BL/6J mice was established by carrageenan-induced pathogenesis. Zhongyi paste raised the pain threshold and also reduced the degree of swelling in mice with carrageenan-induced foot swelling. Results: Analysis indicated that serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) cytokine levels and PGE₂ levels in the paw tissue of the mice were decreased by Zhongyi paste treatment. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot results showed that Zhongyi paste downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and also downregulated the mRNA expression of PGE₂. At the same time, the Zhongyi paste exerted a stronger effect as an external drug than that of indomethacin, which is an oral drug, and voltaren, which is an externally applied drug. Conclusions: Our results indicated that Zhongyi paste is a very effective drug to reduce inflammatory swelling of the foot, and its mechanism of action is related to regulation of the ERK1/2-COX-2-PGE₂ pathway.

Preparation and Characterization of Porous and Composite Nanoparticulate Films of CdS at the Air/Water Interface

Ji, Guanglei,Chen, Kuang-Cai,Yang, Yan-Gang,Xin, Guoqing,Lee, Yong-Ill,Liu, Hong-Guo Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.9

CdS nano-particulate films were prepared at the air/water interface under Langmuir monolayers of arachidic acid (AA) via interfacial reaction between $Cd^{2+}$ ions in the subphase and $H_2S$ molecules in the gaseous phase. The films were made up of fine CdS nanoparticles with hexagonal Wurtzite crystal structure after reaction. It was revealed that the formation of CdS nano-particulate films depends largely on the experimental conditions. When the films were ripened at room temperature or an increased temperature ($60^{\circ}C$) for one day, numerous holes were appeared due to the dissolution of smaller nanoparticles and the growth of bigger nanoparticles with an improved crystallinity. When the films were ripened further, CdS rodlike nanoparticles with cubic zinc blende crystal structure appeared due to the re-nucleation and growth of CdS nanoparticles at the stacking faults and defect structures of the hexagonal CdS grains. These structures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These results declare that CdS semiconductor nanoparticles formed at the air/water interface change their morphologies and crystal structures during the ripening process due to dissolution and recrystallization of the particles.

Effects of Transplantation with Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modified with Survivin on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Qi Yuzeng,Gou Xin,He Weiyang,Zhou Qingson,Kuang Youlin,Ren Ke 연세대학교의과대학 2014 Yonsei medical journal Vol.55 No.4

Purpose: To determine whether renal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) could be further improved by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modified with survivin. Materials and Methods: Lentiviral vectors were used to introduce the survivingene into MSCs and the MSCs modified with survivin were transplanted into established mice models of renal I/R injury. Seven days later, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured and the survival of MSCs was determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess renal pathologicalchange. The expressions of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblastgrowth factor (bFGF) in kidney tissue were detected by western blot. Results:Mice transplanted with survivin-modified MSCs demonstrated good renal function recovery with Scr and BUN decline close to normal levels and improvementof renal I/R injury repair. Additionally, the survival of transplanted MSCs modified with survivin was enhanced and the expression of HGF and bFGF in kidney tissue was increased. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that MSCs engineeredto over-express survivin could enhance their therapeutic effect on renal I/R injury in mice, probably via the improved survival ability of MSCs and increasedproduction of protective cytokines in ischemic tissue.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Flow Forming of Laser Concave–Convex Microtexture of Cr12 Steel Surface

Xiping Yang,Yonghong Fu,Xin Kuang 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.10

In this paper, Cr12 steel was taken as the research object, and laser micro melting model was established in comsol softwarebased on physical equations such as laser heat source, convection heat transfer, evaporation mobility, recoil pressure,Marangoni effect. The forming mechanism and evolution law of concave–convex microtexture morphology were studiedby numerical simulation. The research reveals the changing process of the velocity of the flow field inside the material duringthe surface deformation. In addition, it can be found from the temperature field changes under different power that thehigher the power is, the faster the surface temperature of Cr12 material increases in the process of thermal deformation. Andthe hardness of the microtexture was greatly improved after the material experienced sudden heat and cold in a very shorttime. By comparing the numerical simulation results and the experimental results, it can be found that with the increase ofpower, the height, depth and diameter of the concave–convex microtexture morphology all show an increasing trend, andthe surface geometry obtained through numerical simulation matches well with the experimental results. It indicates thatthe numerical simulation has high feasibility and can effectively reflect the forming process and morphology of concaveconvexmicrotexture.

Expression and Effects of JMJD2A Histone Demethylase in Endometrial Carcinoma

Wang, Hong-Li,Liu, Mei-Mei,Ma, Xin,Fang, Lei,Zhang, Zong-Feng,Song, Tie-Fang,Gao, Jia-Yin,Kuang, Ye,Jiang, Jing,Li, Lin,Wang, Yang-Yang,Li, Pei-Ling Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.7

Previous studies have demonstrated that JMJD2A is a potential oncogene and is overexpressed in human tumors. However, its role in the endometrial carcinoma remains largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that JMJD2A was overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma, using immunohistochemistry, quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Downregulation of JMJD2A led to reduced endometrial carcinoma RL95-2 and ISK cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis as asessed with cell counting kit-8, cell migration and invasive assays. Collectively, our results support that JMJD2A is a promoter of endometrial carcinoma cell proliferation and survival, and is a potential novel drug target.

Machine Learning Models for Financial Inclusion in Malaysia: Opportunity for Insurance or Takaful in Achieving Financial Inclusion

Hui Shan Lee,Kee Seng Kuang,Ping Xin Liew,Annuar Md Nassir,Nazrul Hisyam Ab Razak 제어로봇시스템학회 2023 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.10

Thioredoxin A of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Contributes to Virulence by Inhibiting the Expression of Pentraxin 3 to Promote Survival Within Macrophages

Zhao Chijun,Jia Xinglin,Pan Yanying,Liao Simeng,Zhang Shuo,Ji Chunxiao,Kuang Guangwei,Wu Xin,Liu Quan,Tang Yulong,Fang Lihua 한국미생물학회 2023 The journal of microbiology Vol.61 No.4

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can infect humans in contact with infected pigs or their byproducts. It can employ different types of genes to defend against oxidative stress and ensure its survival. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a key antioxidant system that contributes adversity adaptation and pathogenicity. SS2 has been shown to encode putative thioredoxin genes, but the biological roles, coding sequence, and underlying mechanisms remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrated that SSU05_0237-ORF, from a clinical SS2 strain, ZJ081101, encodes a protein of 104 amino acids with a canonical CGPC active motif and an identity 70–85% similar to the thioredoxin A (TrxA) in other microorganisms. Recombinant TrxA efficiently catalyzed the thiol-disulfide oxidoreduction of insulin. The deletion of TrxA led to a significantly slow growth and markedly compromised tolerance of the pathogen to temperature stress, as well as impaired adhesion ability to pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). However, it was not involved in H2O2 and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the ΔTrxA strain was more susceptible to killing by macrophages through increasing NO production. Treatment with TrxA mutant strain also significantly attenuated cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis. Knockdown of pentraxin 3 in RAW 264.7 cells was more vulnerable to phagocytic activity, and TrxA promoted SS2 survival in phagocytic cells depending on pentraxin 3 activity compared with the wild-type strain. Moreover, a co-inoculation experiment in mice revealed that TrxA mutant strain is far more easily cleared from the body than the wild type strain in the period from 8–24 h, and exhibits significantly attenuated oxidative stress and liver injury. In summary, we reveal the important role of TrxA in the pathogenesis of SS2.