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      • Operational Risk Management of Commercial Banks

        Jianbo Song,Xiaokun Zhao,Chunyan Sheng 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2009 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10

        In this paper, we present the types and characteristics of risks in commercial banks. Among all the risks, operational risk is paid more and more heed to. It is caused by people, processes, external events and other factors. According to the Base II New Capital Accord, there are mainly three approahces to the capital for dperational risk-The Basic Indicator Approach, The Standardized Approach and The Advanced Measurement Approach. We can take actions to manage the operational risk in commerical banks and improve their competitiveness: (1) create a culture of risk management; (2) establish the independent organizational structure of risk management; (3) introduce the strict division of posts; (4) design a procedure of tight authorization; (5) assume the procedural or standardized control; (6) set up the efficient program of employee management; (7) reengineer the business processes of banks; (8) highlight control over special risk points.

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        Porous nano-hydroxyapatites doped into substrate for thin film composite forward osmosis membrane to show high performance

        Weiwen Wang,Yue Guo,Miyu Liu,Xiaokun Song,Jihai Duan 한국화학공학회 2020 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.37 No.9

        The incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles into thin film composite forward osmosis (TFC FO) membranes is an effective method to alleviate internal concentration polarization (ICP) and enhance the flux performance of the FO membrane. In this paper, synthetic hydrophilic rod-like porous nano-hydroxyapatites (PNHAs) were doped into polysulfone (PSf) casting solution to form support layer by phase inversion; further interfacial polymerization was carried out to prepare a high performance TFC FO membrane. The results showed that the incorporation of PNHAs not only improved the thickness, porosity, hydrophilicity, and connectivity of the support layer, but also enhanced the roughness of the active layer. The measured mass transfer parameters prove that these improvements were beneficial. Further FO experiments showed that when using deionized water as the feed solution and 1 mol/L NaCl as the draw solution, TFN 0.75 showed higher water flux than TFC FO membrane in both AL-FS (18.5 vs 7.16 L/m2 ·h) and AL-DS (33.26 vs 9.93 L/m2 ·h) modes. Reverse salt flux had not increased significantly. At the same time, TFN 0.75 (697 m vs 1,960 m) showed the smallest structural parameter. This study shows that PNHA is a suitable nanomaterial for mitigating the ICP effect of FO membranes.

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