Utilization of Fat Sources in Pigs Weaned at 21 Days of Age

Piao, X.S.,Jin, J.,Kim, J.H.,Kim, J.D.,Shin, I.S.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.9

A total of 80 pigs ($5.68{\pm}0.61kg$ BW; 21 d of age) were used to evaluate the effect of fat sources in weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Treatments consisted of diets representing different ratio between soy oil or corn oil and tallow; 1) S100 (soy oil 100%), 2) S75 (soy oil:tallow=75:25), 3) S50 (soy oil:tallow=50:50), 4) C75 (corn oil:tallow=75:25), 5) C50 (corn oil:tallow=50:50). During d 0 to 14, pigs were fed diets containing 3,400 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65 % lysine and for the period of d 15 to 28, pigs were fed diets supplying 3,400 kcal ME, 20.5% crude protein, 1.355% lysine. For d 0 to 14, a significant differences in ADG and ADFI were observed among treatments, pigs fed animal-vegetable fat blends gained more than pigs fed the S100. As tallow addition was increased from 25% to 50% replacing soy or corn oil, ADG was improved from 6.32% to 28.38%. In phase II (d 15 to 28) period, ADG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different among treatments. For overall period (d 0 to 28), pigs fed 50% animal:50% vegetable fat blends diets consumed more feed and grew faster than pigs fed control diet and 75% vegetable oil:25% tallow groups, but the differences was not significant among treatments. Apparent DM, CP and fat digestibility were increased with time postweaning for each treatment. There were no differences in digestibilities of total amino acid during overall period. The combination of soy oil or corn oil with tallow produced slightly higher serum triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) combination compared with the soy oil alone. In conclusion, tallow:soy (or corn) oil blends diets improved growth rate and the ratio of 50% tallow plus 50% soy (or corn) oil blends diets were favorable for growth and nutrient digestibilities of weaned pigs.

Clinical significance of the ratio between FOXP3 positive regulatory T cell and interleukin‐17 secreting cell in renal allograft biopsies with acute T‐cell‐mediated rejection

Chung, Byung H.,Oh, Hye J.,Piao, Shang G.,Hwang, Hyeon S.,Sun, In O.,Choi, Sun R.,Park, Hoon S.,Choi, Bum S.,Choi, Yeong J.,Park, Cheol W.,Kim, Yong&#x2010,Soo,Cho, Mi&#x2010,La,Yang, Chul W. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Immunology Vol.136 No.3

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of the ratio between interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) secreting cell and FOXP3‐positive regulatory T cell (FOXP3<SUP>+</SUP> Treg) infiltration in renal allograft tissues with acute T‐cell‐mediated rejection (ATCMR). Fifty‐six patients with biopsy‐proven ATCMR were included. Infiltration of FOXP3<SUP>+</SUP> Treg and IL‐17‐secreting cells was evaluated with immunostaining for FOXP3 or IL‐17 on the biopsy specimens, and the patients were divided into the FOXP3 high group (Log FOXP3/IL‐17 > 0·45) or the IL‐17 high group (Log FOXP3/IL‐17 < 0·45). We compared the allograft function, severity of tissue injury, and clinical outcome between the two groups. In the IL‐17 high group, allograft function was significantly decreased compared with the FOXP3 high group (<I>P </I><<I> </I>0·05). The severity of interstitial and tubular injury in the IL‐17 high group was higher than the FOXP3 high group (<I>P </I><<I> </I>0·05). The proportions of steroid‐resistant rejection, incomplete recovery and recurrent ATCMR were higher in the IL‐17 high group than in the FOXP3 high group (all indicators, <I>P </I><<I> </I>0·05). The IL‐17 high group showed lower 1‐year (54% versus 90%, <I>P </I><<I> </I>0·05) and 5‐year (38% versus 85%, <I>P </I><<I> </I>0·05) allograft survival rates compared with the FOXP3 high group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the FOXP3/IL‐17 ratio was a significant predictor for allograft outcome. The FOXP3/IL‐17 ratio is a useful indicator for representing the severity of tissue injury, allograft dysfunction and for predicting the clinical outcome of ATCMR.</P>

Bioefficacy of Lysine from L-lysine Sulfate and L-lysine⋅HCl for 10 to 20 kg Pigs

Liu, M.,Qiao, S.Y.,Wang, X.,You, J.M.,Piao, X.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.10

The objective of this study was to compare the bioefficacy of L-lysine sulfate relative to L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl for 10 to 20 kg pigs. Two experiments were conducted to determine the bioefficacy of the two sources of lysine using daily gain, feed conversion, plasma urea nitrogen and nitrogen retention as the response criteria. In experiment 1, 168 crossbred barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ White), weaned at $28{\pm}3$ d ($9.07{\pm}0.78$kg body weight), were allotted to one of seven dietary treatments in a $2{\times}3$ (two lysine $sources{\times}three $ lysine levels) factorial arrangement of treatments with an added negative control treatment group. The basal diet was based on corn, peanut meal and soybean meal and provided 0.67% lysine. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3% lysine equivalents supplied from either L-lysine sulfate or L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl. Each treatment was fed to six pens of pigs with four pigs per pen. The trial lasted 21 days. The relative bioefficacy value of lysine in L-lysine sulfate using daily gain, feed conversion and plasma urea nitrogen as response criteria was 1.01, 1.05 and 1.04 of the lysine in L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl, respectively. In experiment 2, 42 crossbred ($Landrace{\times}Large$ White) pigs ($16.03{\pm}1.58$ kg body weight) were housed in stainless steel metabolism cages for 10 d and fed the seven diets used in the nitrogen-balance trial. The relative bioefficacy value of L-lysine sulfate was estimated to be 0.95 as effective as L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl for nitrogen retention on an equimolar basis. The t-test analysis revealed that bioefficacy of lysine in L-lysine sulfate was not significantly different from lysine in L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl, which was set at 1.00. In conclusion, L-lysine sulfate can be used instead of L-lysine${\cdot}$HCl to fortify lysine-deficient diets fed to 10 to 20 kg pigs.

Effects of Dietary Energy Density on Growth, Carcass Quality and mRNA Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase and Hormone-sensitive Lipase in Finishing Pigs

Liu, Z.H.,Yang, F.Y.,Kong, L.J.,Lai, C.H.,Piao, X.S.,Gu, Y.H.,Ou, X.Q. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.10

A single factorial experiment was conducted to test the effects of three dietary levels of energy on mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS-mRNA) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL-mRNA) and their association with intramuscular fat in finishing pigs. 72 crossbred (Large $White{\times}Rongchang$) barrows with an average initial body weight of 20.71 (s.e. 0.1) kg, were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (11.75, 13.05 and 14.36 MJ DE/kg) and fed until slaughtered at 100 or 101 kg. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-essential amino acids. The growth performances including the duration of finishing were changed linearly (p<0.05) or quadratically (p<0.05) with increased dietary energy levels. The effects of dietary energy content on the percentage of external fat, intramuscular backfat and the fat thickness were linear (p<0.05). The content of dietary energy increased FAS-mRNA linearly or quadratically, while HSL-mRNA decreased linearly or quadratically in backfat and Longissmus dorsi muscle. Meanwhile, significant positive correlations (p<0.05) were found between energy level and intramuscular fat, FAS-mRNA or the ratio of FAS-mRNA to HSL-mRNA, between the ratio of FAS-mRNA to HSL-mRNA and intramuscular fat. However, the correlations between HSL mRNA and dietary energy or intramuscular fat were negative (p<0.05). The results indicated that dietary energy level regulates lipid accumulation, especially intramuscular fat, possibly by modulating the mRNA of FAS and HSL together rather than individually.

Effects of Sodium Sulfite and Extrusion on the Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal in Piglets Weaned at 21 Days

Piao, X.S.,Jin, J.,Kim, J.D.,Kim, J.H.,Sohn, K.S.,Hyun, Y.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.7

A total of 80 weaned piglets (Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Large White) were used in a 28-day growth assay to detennine the optimal inclusion level of sodium sulfite ($Na_{2}SO_{3}$) as an extrusion enhancer of soybean meal for nursery piglets. piglets (21 d of age, 6.04 kg of BW) were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were: 1) Extruded SBM (Control), 2) Extruded SBM with 0.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (0.5 ESBM), 3) Extruded SBM with 1.0% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.0 ESBM) and 4) Extruded SBM with 1.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.5 ESBM). Each treatment has 4 replicates of 5 heads per pen. In phase I (d 0 to 14), diets supplied 3,400 kcal ME/kg, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.50% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. Phase II (d 14 to 28) diets contained 3,300 kcal ME/kg, 21% crude protein, 1.45% lysine, 0.45% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. For d 0 to 14, piglets fed 1.5 ESBM had greater ADG, ADFI and FCR compared to piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diet. ADG was significantly higher in piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet than other groups (p<0.05) except 1.0 ESBM. In phase II (d 14 to 28), there was no significant differences in production traits among treatments. For overall period (d 0 to 28), piglets fed diets with high sodium sulfite grew faster than piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diets. The highest ADG and the best FeR were obtained in piglets fed diets with 1.5 ESBM during the entire period. Piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility than 0.5 ESBM (p<0.05) at d 14 post-weanling, but not at d 28 post-weanling. There were no significant differences in digestibilities of total amino acids. In conclusion, the addition level of 1~1.5% sodium sulfite for SBM extrusion could be favorable for rate and efficiency of growth in weaning pigs.

Effects of Extruded Full Fat Soybean in Early-Weaned Piglets

Piao, X.S.,Kim, J.H.,Jin, J.,Kim, J.D.,Cho, W.T.,Shin, I.S.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.5

A total of 80 piglets ($5.18{\pm}0.61kg$ of BW; 16 d of age) were fed experimental diets to evaluate the effect of extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) on the growth of eatly weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment has 4 replicates of 4 animals each. Treatments consisted of diets representing substitutional ratios of EFS for soybean meal. 1) 100:0 (SBM), 2) 75:25 (EFS 25), 3) 50:50 (EFS 50), 4) 25:75 (EFS 75) and 5) 0:100 (EFS 100). During phase I (d 0 to 7), piglets were fed diets containing 3,340 kcal ME, 26% crude protein, 1.85% lysine, 1.0% Ca and 0.9% P. For phase II (d 8 to 21), piglets were fed diets supplying 3,340 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. Urease activity (pH rise) of EFS (0.18) was three times higher than that of SBM (0.06) indicating that processing conditions were not efficient enough to inactivate urease activity. During the first week postweaning, pigs fed SBM had significantly greater average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to pigs fed FFS diets. Linear negative effect on growth rate was found as the inclusion rate of FFS increased. During d 8 - 21 postweaning, piglets fed EFS 50 diet showed the best ADG and FCR despite no significant difference between treatment SBM and EFS 25 have been observed. Overall, piglets fed diets up to 50% FFS inclusion rate exhibited similar weight gain. Only piglets fed EFS 100 diet showed a significantly decreased growth rate. No other significant effect was found in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At d 7, dry matter digestibility was higher in pigs fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS 75 diet (p<0.05) and crude protein digestibility was higher in piglets fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS 50, EFS 75 and EFS 100 (p<0.05). At d 21, no difference other than in phosphorus digestibility was detected. This indicates that piglets at 21 d postweaning are capable of utilizing nutrients from FFS. No treatment effects were detected in blood metabolites. The data suggests that piglets at 16 d of age are not sufficiently mature to use extruded FFS in their diets. Nevertheless, FFS seemed to be able to replace upto 50% of SBM in weaned piglet diet.

Evaluation of Chinese Brown Rice as an Alternative Energy Source in Pig Diets

Piao, X.S.,Li, Defa,Han, In K.,Chen, Y.,Lee, J.H.,Wang, D.Y.,Li, J.B.,Zhang, D.F. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.1

A total of six crossbred barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Large$ White, $44.17{\pm}1.94kg$ BW) were housed conducted to evaluate apparent fecal digestibilities of Brown Rice (BR) as an alternative energy source in growing pigs. Pigs were housed individually on metabolism crate on the basis of body weight. Four treatments contained: 1) 100% of corn-soybean meal (C100; Control diet), 2) 75% of corn-soybean meal diet plus 25% of corn meal (C25), 3) 100% of brown rice-soybean meal diet (BR100), 4) 75% of brown rice-soybean meal diet plus 25% of brown rice meal (BR25). Brown rice has an excellent gross energy and crude protein composition compared to corn. The BR used had 3,801 kcal of gross energy/kg, 8.0% crude protein, 2.6% of ether extract, 0.035% calcium and 0.35% total phosphorus. The best digestibilities of energy (87.75%), DM (81.71%) and CP (78.57%) were observed in BR 100 group and the worst were found in Corn 25 group. The nutrient digestibility was not significantly different in most nutrients. Through this experiment, BR appeared a good alternative energy source that can replace corn yellow to 100% in growing pigs. Therefore, the price relationship between corn and BR may provide an excellent opportunity for pork producers to use BR in order to reduce feed costs provided that diet has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

Effects of Kemzyme, Phytase and Yeast Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Pollution Reduction of Broiler Chicks

Piao, X.S.,Han, In K.,Kim, J.H.,Cho, W.T.,Kim, Y.H.,Liang, Chao Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.1

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Kemzyme, phytase, yeast and a combination of Kemzyme, phytase and yeast (KPY) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient utilizability and the nutrients excretion in broiler chicks. Experimental diets based on corn-soybean meal were supplemented with 0.05% Kemzyme, 0.1% phytase, 0.1% yeast, 0.25% KPY (0.05% Kemzyme + 0.1% phytase + 0.1% yeast), respectively. Each treatment had six replicates of six male birds each. A total of 180 Arbor Ares broiler chicks were fed these diets for a period of six weeks. Numerically better body weight gain was found in chicks fed Kemzyme, phytase, yeast of KPY supplemented diet. Feed conversion rate was improved by the addition of KPY compared with control group (p < 0.05). Mortality was successfully reduced by supplementation of enzymes, yeast or a combination of enzymes and yeast. The excretions of N and P were considerably reduced by supplementation of dietary enzymes, yeast or combination of all three substances, especially for KPY fed group in starting period. The nutrient excretions in the finishing period were not significantly different. It appeared that the use of Kemzyme, phytase and yeast simultaneously had an additive effect on growth rate and nutrient excretion.

Kinesin Family Member 11 mRNA Expression Predicts Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness

Piao, X.M.,Byun, Y.J.,Jeong, P.,Ha, Y.S.,Yoo, E.S.,Yun, S.J.,Kim, W.J. Cancer Information Group 2017 Clinical genitourinary cancer Vol.15 No.4

Background: KIF11 (kinesin family member 11), a molecular motor protein, is essential to mitosis and cell cycle progression. Inhibitors of KIF11 have been developed as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various cancers. Regarding prostate cancer (PCa), clinical trials using KIF11 inhibitors for the treatment of castration-resistant PCa have been initiated. We hypothesized that a relationship might exist between KIF11 expression and PCa. To investigate the functional activities and clinical usefulness of KIF11 in PCa, we used quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to monitor the KIF11 expression patterns. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples from 134 patients with PCa were analyzed using gene expression profiling and compared with tissues from 61 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. KIF11 expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and compared with indicators of tumor aggressiveness, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, Gleason score (GS), and tumor stage (TNM stage). Results: KIF11 mRNA expression in tissue was significantly greater in PCa patients with elevated serum PSA levels (≥ 10 ng/mL), GS ≥ 8 [58(43.3%)], T stage ≥ T3, or metastatic disease than in those with PSA levels < 10 ng/mL, GS of 7, or T2 stage. Additionally, the expression was remarkably greater in patients with a GS of ≥ 9 than in patients with a GS of 3+4. Conclusion: KIF11 expression might be indicative of PCa aggressiveness and could be useful as a prognostic marker for patients with PCa.

Effects of Extrusion Condition of Barley on the Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Growing Pigs

Piao, X.S.,Chae, B.J.,Kim, J.H.,Jin, J.,Cho, W.T.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.5

To study the effects of different extrusion conditions of barley on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion in feces, a total of 150 growing pigs ($Landrace{\times}Duroc{\times}Large$ White; average 24.4 kg body weight) were allotted to five treatments, in a completely randomized block design. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean and 30% of barley was included in each diet; barley was the only extruded ingredient. The treatments were 1) no extrusion (Control); 2) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENLT); 3) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENHT); 4) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECLT); 5) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECHT). Temperature in the barrel was controlled within ${\pm}5^{\circ}C$ by feed rate with the addition of water at the rate of $3{\ell}\;per\;min$. in the extruder for each treatment. For the 6 week experimental period, extrusion of barley improved the average daily gain (ADG) and digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in growing pigs. As compared to control, significant improvements in ADG (p<0.05) were shown in the groups of feeding extruded barley at high temperature (ENHT and ECHT). There were also significant differences in the digestibilities of DM, CP and P between extrusion temperatures. Barley extruded at high temperature gave better digestibilities of DM, CP and GE than barley extruded at low temperature. Extruded barley diet groups showed significantly (p<0.05) lower excretions of DM, nitrogen (N) and P per kg gain as compared to the ground barley group. DM, N and P excretion per kg gain were also significantly lower in pigs fed barley extruded at $150^{\circ}C$ than at $100^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, extrusion considerably improved the nutritive value of barley and it appeared that temperature is the most important variable.