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An outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Korea, 2008
Kim, H.R.,Park, C.K.,Lee, Y.J.,Woo, G.H.,Lee, K.K.,Oem, J.K.,Kim, S.H.,Jean, Y.H.,Bae, Y.C.,Yoon, S.S.,Roh, I.S.,Jeong, O.M.,Kim, H.Y.,Choi, J.S.,Byun, J.W.,Song, Y.K.,Kwon, J.H.,Joo, Y.S. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2010 Veterinary microbiology Vol.141 No.3
In spite of intensive surveillance programs for the control of HPAI, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Korea in April 2008 caused serious damage to poultry farms, as did previous outbreaks in 2003/2004 and 2006/2007. Six viruses were selected from the Korean 2008 isolates for genetic analysis, and all eight gene segments from each of the influenza viruses were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the viruses were of the same virus type and that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was clustered with that of clade 2.3.2 viruses. However, the internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes were closely related to those of the clade 2.3.4 viruses (recent human and bird isolates from Southeast Asia).
Woo, S.H.,Kwak, K.H.,Bae, G.N.,Kim, K.H.,Kim, C.H.,Yook, S.J.,Jeon, S.,Kwon, S.,Kim, J.,Lee, S.B. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 2016 Environmental pollution Vol.218 No.-
The unintended influence of exhaust plumes emitted from a vehicle ahead to on-road air quality surveying data measured with a mobile laboratory (ML) at 20-40 km h<SUP>-1</SUP> in dense traffic areas was investigated by experiment and life-sized computational fluidic dynamics (CFD) simulation. The ML equipped with variable sampling inlets of five columns by four rows was used to measure the spatial distribution of CO<SUB>2</SUB> and NO<SUB>x</SUB> concentrations when following 5-20 m behind a sport utility vehicle (SUV) as an emitter vehicle equipped with a portable emission monitoring system (PEMS). The PEMS measured exhaust gases at the tailpipe for input data of the CFD simulations. After the CFD method was verified with experimental results of the SUV, dispersion of exhaust plumes emitted from a bus and a sedan was numerically analyzed. More dilution of the exhaust plume was observed at higher vehicle speeds, probably because of eddy diffusion that was proportional to turbulent kinetic energy and vehicle speed. The CO<SUB>2</SUB> and NO<SUB>x</SUB> concentrations behind the emitter vehicle showed less overestimation as both the distance between the two vehicles and their background concentrations increased. If the height of the ML inlet is lower than 2 m and the ML travels within 20 m behind a SUV and a sedan ahead at 20 km h<SUP>-1</SUP>, the overestimation should be considered by as much as 200 ppb in NO<SUB>x</SUB> and 80 ppm in CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Following a bus should be avoided if possible, because effect of exhaust plumes from a bus ahead could not be negligible even when the distance between the bus and the ML with the inlet height of 2 m, was more than 40 m. Recommendations are provided to avoid the unintended influence of exhaust plumes from vehicles ahead of the ML during on-road measurement in urban dense traffic conditions.
Kwon, Sun Sang,Yi, Jaeseok,Lee, Won Woo,Shin, Jae Hyeok,Kim, Su Han,Cho, Seunghee H.,Nam, SungWoo,Park, Won Il American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.1
<P>We have studied the role of defects in electrolyte-gated graphene mesh (GM) field-effect transistors (FETs) by introducing engineered edge defects in graphene (Gr) channels. Compared with Gr-FETs, GM-FETs were characterized as having large increments of Dirac point shift (similar to 30-100 mV/pH) that even sometimes exceeded the Nernst limit (59 mV/pH) by means of electrostatic gating of H+ ions. This feature was attributed to the defect-mediated chemisorptions of H+ ions to the graphene edge, as supported by Raman measurements and observed cycling characteristics of the GM FETs. Although the H+ ion binding to the defects increased the device response to pH change, this binding was found to be irreversible. However, the irreversible component showed relatively fast decay, almost disappearing after 5 cycles of exposure to solutions of decreasing pH value from 8.25 to 6.55. Similar behavior could be found in the Gr-FET, but the irreversible component of the response was much smaller. Finally, after complete passivation of the defects, both Gr-FETs and GM-FETs exhibited only reversible response to pH change, with similar magnitude in the range of 68 mV/pH.</P>
Song, S.H.,Park, D.R.,Woo, S.Y.,Song, W.S.,Kwon, M.S.,Song, I.K. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2010 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.16 No.5
Direct preparation of dichloropropanol (DCP) from glycerol and hydrochloric acid gas was carried out in a heterogeneous gas phase reactor using H<SUB>3</SUB>PMo<SUB>12-X</SUB>W<SUB>X</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB> (X=0, 3, 6, 9, and 12), H<SUB>4</SUB>SiW<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB>, and H<SUB>4</SUB>SiMo<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB> heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts. Acid property of the HPA catalyst was determined by NH<SUB>3</SUB>-TPD measurement in order to correlate the catalytic activity with the acid property of the catalyst. Acid strength of the HPA catalyst played a key role in determining the catalytic performance in the reaction. Yield for DCP increased with increasing acid strength of the catalyst. Among the catalysts tested, H<SUB>3</SUB>PW<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB> with the highest acid strength showed the highest yield for DCP.
강원구,이창현,우종수,권광일 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 1998 藥學論文集 Vol.14 No.-
This study was designed to compare the absorption fraction and extent of ketoprofen gels and a matrix typed ketoprofen plaster patch. 3 g (90 ㎎ as ketoprofen) of the two gels which has oleohydrogel or hydrogel as a base, respectively, and 3 pieces of plaster patches (90 ㎎ as ketoprofen) were applied in the area of 210 ㎠ on forearm in 12 volunteers by cross over design. Blood samples were collected serially up to 24 hours and the plasma concentrations of ketoprofen were analyzed by HPLC using flurbiprofen as an internal standard. The detection limit of the assay was 1 ng/㎖ of ketoprofen in plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g. AUC_24hr, AUMC_24hr, MRT. Fraction Absorbed) were caculated from the plasma concentrations time data of each volunteer. The oleo-hy-drogel showed significantly higher absorption fraction and extent of ketoprofen than the current hydrogel. The mean plasma concentrations of the oleo-hydrogel were increased to 98.46±23.15 ng/㎖ by 6 hour after application, and increase futher to 100.61±18.65 ng/㎖ at 24 hour. On the other hand, those of the hydrogel were increased 17.61±4.65 ng/㎖ at 5 hour to 34.68±9.65 ng/㎖ at 24 hour gradually. Therefore the plasma concentrations of oleo-hydrogel at each measured time were 3~7 times greater than those of the hydrogel with statistical significance. The AUC_24hr (1797.26±352.09 ng·h/㎖) of the oleo-hydrogel was 3.5 times greater (P<0.05) than that (516.17±4104.52 ng·h/㎖) of the hydrogel. The plaster patches showed higher bioavailability (AUC_24hr 2877.37±578.27 ng·h/㎖) than the oleo-hy-drogel (AUC_24hr 1797.26±352.09 ng·h/㎖) without statistical significance. But the absorption fraction of the oleo-hydrogel was rather higher than that of the plaster patches during the first 6 hours after administration. These results suggest that newly developed ketoprofen gel which is used oleo-hydrogel as a base would show excellent skin permeation on topical application for the corresponding clinical indications and could be absorbed as well as plater patches.
Preparation of Nano Structured SiOC Thin Film for Low k Application
Kwon, Woo Teck,Lee, J.H.,Kim, Soo Ryong,Kim, H.T.,Kim, Hyung Sun,Yu, Y.H.,Kim, Y. Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2010 Journal of nano research Vol.11 No.-
<P>In our study, the dielectric properties of SiOC low k thin film derived from polyphenylcarbosilane were investigated as a potential interlayer dielectrics for Cu interconnect technology. A SiOC low k thin film was fabricated onto a n-type silicon wafer by dip coating using 30wt % polyphenylcarbosilane in cyclohexane. Curing of the film was performed in air at 300°C for 2h. The thickness of the film ranges from 1 μm to 1.7 μm. The dielectric constant was determined from the capacitance data obtained from metal/polyphenylcarbosilane/conductive Si MIM capacitors and shows a dielectric constant as low as 3.26 without porosity added. The SiOC low k thin film derived from polyphenylcarbosilane shows promising application as an interlayer dielectrics for Cu interconnect technology.</P>