Konkrete Poesie und expressionistische. Kunst. (Post)Modernistische Aspekte zur Medienverflechtung

Koh, Wee-Kong 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 2005 人文科學 Vol.13 No.-

구체시와 표현주의 예술은 서로다른 시대의 예술장르이면서도 비교연구의 가치를 지닌다. 이는 양자가 매체융합의 표현양식 실현으로 모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘 예술형성에 지대한 영향력을 행사하였기 때문이다. 그러나 상세히 관찰해보면 양자사이에는 예술이념, 재료사용, 미학적 효능 등의 면에서 상당한 거리가 있다. 이는 무엇보다 구체성과 추상성이라는 대표개념에서 나타난다. 유사한 시기에 생성되어 발전된 두 양식수법은 „대상성으로부터의 이탈" 이라는 시학원리에서 공통되나 그 구체적 실현방법은 같지않다. 후자가 매체사용의 추상화를 통해 주관적 내면심층의 환상이나 어떤 다른 감추어진 대상성을 표현하려 한다면, 전자는 언어기호의 질료화로 스스로의 대상세계를 창출한다. 따라서 양자에서 추출되는 텍스트의미성은 동일하지않다. Kandinsky의 대표적 추상화 „구성 7(Komposition VII)" 과 Gomringer의 텍스트 „침묵(Schweigen)"을 대비해보자. 기하학적, 구성적 수법을 활용한 전자에서는 대상적 지시성이 완전히 배제되지않는다. 그 표현세계는 생성과 종말의 차원에서 „우주창조의 은유"로 해석된다. 이러한 굴절된 형상조음은 후자의 기호시각화에서는 찾아보기 어렵다. 동일단어의 반복배열과 그로인한 서정시의 도식화는 청각적 침묵의 이미지를 „도상화" 시킴으로써 새로운 지각작용에 호소한다. 여기에서의 침묵은 상징적 의미가 아니라 다원적 기능을 발휘한다. 이러한 현상은 오늘날의 다매체예술에서 발견된다. 구체시와 표현주의 넓게보아 현대예술의 모더니티를 생성, 발전시킨 두 축이다. 양자는 추상화와 구체화라는 양식혁신을 통해 „재현"과 „모방"이라는 종전의 표현법칙으로는 도달할 수 없는 새로운 표현가능성을 개진하였다. 특히 서로다른 개별매체의 통합과 교체를 통해 생산과 수용의 유희공간을 넓히고 독자와 관찰자의 지각행위를 포괄하는 매체미학의 지평을 열어주었다. 이로인해 현대예술은 „언어갱신"이라는 세기적 목표를 구현하며 신매체의 등장으로 인한 예술의 매체화작업에 대처할 통로를 마련하게된다. 개별장르 해체로 인한 이러한 예술의 보편화작업은 그러나 아방가르드와 포스트모더니즘의 전유물이 아니라 르네상스, 바로크, 그리고 낭만주의 시대에 개화한 바 있다. 나아가 모든 예술을 하나로 보는 예술생성의 원천에 닿아있다. 혼합장르나 매체교체 현상은 인류의 장구한 예술, 특히 작품발달사를 관류해온 기본적 „표현의지" 이다. 이런 점에서 상호매체성미학은 전통과 현대의 아우름에서 합당하게 파악 될 수 있다.

요대의 발해유민 연구

김위현(KIM Wee-hoyun) 고구려발해학회 2007 고구려발해연구 Vol.29 No.-

I am trying to point out the contents and errors of Some scholars of the peoples Republic of china from araund of 2000. First of all, I want to indicate the thesis framing. First, even though it was supposed to use the historical materials widely, they didn't use other Ones except their own materials. Even they sometimes did not use their own Ones either. Second, the results of predecessors should be exalted nevertheless what country they were belonged to. However they often ignored even their own ancestors' research results. Even though it is hard to collect various data, they shouldn't have given up easily. Third, considering illogical contents as the logics is absolutely discord. What are the troubles then? 1. The point of view for Dongran (東丹)'s characteristic. Whether it was country or administrative region. Dongran named theirselves as One administrative region and they also had own economical and political systems. If Dongran was One of the administrative regions, it would not be allowed to do above things. Furthermore, they are looking me negotiation with Late Tang as a diplomacy, but it is error from ignoring the existence of Late Palhae. 2. Existence of Late Palhae? It already had been proved by Japanese Watasei(和田淸) in 1916. Furthermore, Japanese Hino Kaijabro(日野開三郞)(in 1941), Korean Lee Yong-Bum(1981), Kim Wee-Hoyun(l981), and Han Gyu-Chul(l995) had reinforced it. 3. Is culture of Palhae from only T ang culture(唐文化) and contact with Han people(漢人)? Of course there are some cultures that are from contact of Tang cultures and Han people. However the root things are from Koguryo. Most residents of Palhae were from Koguryo, therefore it is really illogical that Palhae residents threw away their own cultures, the cultures of Koguryo, and accepted Tang's cultre. 4. Are Palhae and Jurchen the same race(同族)? Jurchen is the name of whole sundry races that lived around Manmong liver(滿蒙). Palhae displaced person(渤海遺民) were also called as Jurchen after Chitan Middle age. Also Wan-yen Bu(完顔部) that built chin(金) is the remaining of Silla(新羅). Therefore, Palhae and Jurchen are not the same races. 5. They presented population of Palhae as about 7~800,000. However Shin Hyung-Sik in Republic of Korea saw that it was 1,300,000, and Jang Jong-Gook in The Democratic peoples Republic of Korea calculated it 5,000,000~6,000,000. The differences are too big. They need even more accurate data providing. 6. We are disagree to the opinion that after ruins of Palhae, the Palhae people had been joined to One of 8 races of Hanjok Then, they should prove how they got new name after 700 years. Palhae people took the big role in founding Chin(金) and Chin's politics. Not only that, the existence also remains in Yan(元) country. We want to know why they had been not united during Chin(Jurchen), Yuan(Mongol), and Ching(Man-Chu) age, but the had been to only Hanjok. As you see there are so many problems that makes hard to agree. If we and they researched and investigated the exact same data that from exactly same literature, the results must be same. If not, it is considered as non-scientific and not object research. Current Chinese scholars' assertion that past four countries' history is China's history because current China territory is covering those four past countries territory is absolutely not acceptable.

현대 형상시(Bildgedicht)에 나타난 예술작품 해석 : Celan의 시 「어떤 그림아래로」(Unter ein Bild)를 중심으로

고위공 홍익대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 東西文化硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Der besondere Gedichttypus "Bildgedicht", das ein Bildwerk zum Gegenstand der Beschreibung macht, ist in bisheriger literaturwissenschaftspraktischer Forschung wenige Beachtung gefunden. Der Grund fu¨r dieses Desideratum ist prima¨r von seiner spezifisch interdiszipilina¨r, "intermedial" verankerten Methodologie her zu erkla¨ren. In neuerer mediena¨stheitscher Forschusg ist es jedoch allma¨hlich lebhafter geworden. u¨ber dieser immer aktueller werdenden lyrischen Gattung komparatistisch zu untersuchen. Einige aufschlußreiche Arbelten von Kranz, die voll von hilfreichen Sachmaterialien sind, mo¨gen als ein markantes Beispiel dafu¨r gelten. Ihnen ist auch klar zu enhehmen, daß "Bildgedicht" a¨sthetisch eine sehr bedeutungsvolle Poetik aufweist, die sich konkret in verschiedenen Formen verwirklicht. Die Art und Weise dieser verssprachlichen "Kunstbeschreibung", mit anderem Wort den ku¨nstlerischen Sinn des "Medienwechsels" praktisch zu erhellen, ist also die Hauptaufgabe zur Forschung moderner "Bildgedichte". Besonders das in ihnen zum Wort kommende Problem der Kunstinterpretation nimmt dabei eine zentrale Stellung ein. Unter dieser Voraussetzung soll ein "Bildgedicht" von Celan, also "Unter ein Bild" der na¨heren Betracktung unterzogen werden. Celan geho¨rt zu wenigen bedeutenden modernen Lyrikern, deren a¨sthetische Sprachverwendung von insbesondere bildnerischen Stilzu¨gen gepra¨gt ist, Er hat wa¨hrend seiner ganzen Schaffensphasen von der bildenden Kunst starke Impulse zur dichterischen Niederschrift gefunden. Das Gedicht "Unter ein Bild" aus der Sammlung "Sprachgitter" ist bloß ein Beispielfall. Aber bereits in diesem kurzen "Bildgedicht"'ist der charakterische Aspekt Celanscher Interpretation und Beschreibung des malerischen Kunstwerkes zu lesen. "Unter ein Bild" ist direkt aus der engen Beziehung des Dichters zum beru¨hmt gewordenen Gema¨ldes von Gogh "Ein Kornfeld mit Kra¨hen" entstanden. Sowohl bei der Titelgebung als auch bei der Textformulierung zeigt es eine ausgesproehene Affinita¨t an die Vorlage. Das Element des "Wahnsinns" oder der Vision ist das Mittel, das beide Ku¨nstler und Kunstwerke miteinander verbindet. Nach der Form behhalten Celans Verse traditionelle Weise des "Bildgedichts" bei, beispielsweise die Struktur des Emblems. Bei thematischer Entfaltung spielt jedoch die perso¨nliche Kunstbetrachtung entscheidende Rolle; der Autor setzt na¨mlich seine eigene Kunsterfahrung in Vers um. Dieses "U¨beretzten" bedeutet aber Innovation. Die mediale Transposition leitet Celan dazu, ein anderes, neues Kunstwerk zu produzieren. Gerade in diesem Vermo¨gen zum Neuschaffen steckt die Hauptfunktion des modernen "Bildgedichts". Umgekehrt gewinnt auch Goghs Bildkunst durch Celans Sprachkunst an neue ku¨nstlerische Position. Das innere Verha¨ltnis von Wort und Kunst ist von ihrer reziproken Wechselseitigkeit, genauer gesagt, von ihrer synthetischen Erga¨nzung her angemessen zu efassen.

견실한 자기구성 퍼지제어기 설계에 관한 연구

신위재,이팔진 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1998 硏究論文集 Vol.15 No.2

본 논문에서는 서보 드라이브 시스템의 파라메타 변동과 외란에 대한 영향을 감소시키기 위해 견실 제어기를 갖는 자기구성 퍼지제어기(SOFC)를 설계하였다. 제어규칙이 자동으로 생성되고 수정되는 종적 공정을 위한 자기구성 퍼지제어기는 외란이나 파라메타 변동의 영향으로 제어규칙의 불필요한 개정으로 인해 불안정한 응답특성을 가진다. 따라서 그러한 단점들을 개선하기 위해 견실한 제어기를 갖는 자기구성 퍼지제어기를 설계하였다. 이를 위해 동적모델을 구성하고 교류 서보모터 드라이브 시스템의 시뮬레이션을 통해 제어계통이 견실한 특성을 나타냄을 확인하였다. In this paper, a Self-Organizing Fuzzy Control(SOFC) with Robust Controller considering the effects of parameter variations and external disturbance for the drive system is designed. A SOFC, a heuristic controller for dynamic processes whose control rule is able to generate and improve automatically, has an unstable response quality and output oscillation, because of a unnecessary revision for the control rule on account of effects of external disturbance and parameter variations. So, we designed a SOFC with Robust Controller for improve the weak points. A RSOFC(SOFC with Robust Controller) is composed of Robust Controller using dynamic model in order to reduce those effects, and it confirmed that designed RSOFC has a robust characteristic through simulation of the AC-Servo Motor drive system.

敎室授業 改善을 위한 授業時間 活用의 方略

陳渭敎,金鎭奎 慶北大學校 師範大學 1986 敎育硏究誌 Vol.28 No.-

The purposes of the present investigation were: (1) to testify the basic assumption that instructional time variables take an important part in classroom instruction from many instructional models regarding time as an instructional variable; (2) to analyze related researches on allocated time in classroom instruction; and (3) to review other researches on time-on-task in classroom instruction. In many instructional models, such as Carroll (1963), Bloom (1968, 1976), Wiley & Harnischfeger (1974, 1976, 1978), Cooley & Lohnes (1976), Bennett (1978), Leihardt (1980), Fisher, et al. (1980), Centra & Potter (1980), Cooley & Leinhardt (1980), and Walberg (1981, 1984), we found that they regarded time as an instructional process variables or a tool of instructional evaluation. We examined that allocated time a relatively fixed or stable variable, but the variability in allocated time was very large for all studies. We also found that the amount of time allocated by teachers to instruction in a particular content area was positively connected with achievement in that content area. Studies of time-on-task showed that the percentage of time engaged was highly related to achevement, and that time-on-task could be altered positively (or negatively) by the instructional process Therefore, the conclusion is that time-on-task could be used as a useful variable for learning. We are concluding that this paper is presented especially for researcher, school administrators, and teachers with a few comments about implications of the instructional time variable. First, researchers should develop the optimal models for the instructional time management and the reliable instruments for the systematic observation and measurement on instructional time. Second, school administrators should establish and implement the efficient instructional time management at a school unit. Third, classroom teachers should recognize the importance of instructional time management process, and improve quality of their instrction by their own observation, analysis, and feedback about their instructional time.

女眞의 馬貿易考 : 10世紀-11世紀를 中心으로

金渭顯 명지대학교 1982 明大論文集 Vol.13 No.1

중국 흑룡강성 조선족 생활문화의 지속과 변동 : 의례와 축제를 중심으로 Focusing on rites and festivals

강위원,김시덕,안화춘 한국사진학회 2005 AURA Vol.0 No.12

Farmers and patriots became impoverished by natural disasters and a decline of governmental power at the end of Joseon dynasty, when they were forced to migrate to China for the purpose of either their living or national independence movement. With their descendants, and then, they continued to reside in China even after national independence. They are just called the Joseon tribe in China. In fact, they were subjected to a lot of oppression and exploitation in starting to reside in China, a foreign area. Their living culture is based on the originality of Korean tribe, and they adapted themselves to a variety of new political, cultural and social environments, as well as to local climate and life style. While contacting a different kind of tribes, they also acquired their own knowledge of life. Therefore, their living culture is a version of Korean tribe' s culture. With the recent trend of industrialization with so-called "Korean Dream," their living culture is changing radically and even disappearing gradually. Once a minority race' s culture or life style disappears in the Chinese people-centered society, it can never be recovered. Therefore, it is a very urgent matter to photograph and keep a record of their current culture. It is also our duty to guide the change of their living culture in such a manner that their racial characteristics can be retained in China where a Korean boon is now on.

慶北 一部 貯水池의 淡水魚에서 肝吸蟲 被囊幼蟲의 消失

朴緯泰,孔賢嬉,鄭東一,崔東翊 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1991 慶北醫大誌 Vol.32 No.4

1990年 4月부터 同年 9月까지 大邱市 丹山池, 慶北 永川郡 紫陽湖 및 安康 霞谷池에서 採集되는 各鍾 淡水魚에서 吸蟲類 被囊幼蟲의 寄生狀을 調査하여 1960年에 調査된 丹山池 및 霞谷池에서의 成績과 比較하였다. 3개처의 못과 湖에, 採集 魚鍾은 붕어(Carassius carassius), 몰개(Gnathopogon atromaculatus), 납지리(Paracheilognathus rhombea) 및 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva)의 4鍾으로 이중 몰개와 참붕어가 優占鍾이었다. 1960年에는 몰개 및 참붕어에서 肝吸蟲 被囊幼蟲의 寄生率 58.8%에서 83.6%, 寄生程度 4.5에서 8.3個로 檢出되었으나 이번 調査에서는 전혀 檢出되지 않았다. 이상의 成績으로 미루어보아 이들 3個處의 貯水池는 더 이상 肝吸蟲의 浸潤地가 아님을 알았다. In order to compare the infestation status with larval trematodes with that in 1960, fresh-water fish were collected in the Dansan and Hagok ponds and Jayang lake from May to October 1990, and examined for the presence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria. Four species of fresh-water fish, the crusian carp, Carassius carassius, the korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, the flat bitterling, Paracheilognathus rhombea, and the southern top-mouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora parva were collected in the pond. G. atromaculatus and P. parva were collected frequently in the Dansan pond and Jayang lake. In 1960, C. sinensis metacercaria was demonstrated at the rate between 58.8 and 83.6% and the intensity between 4.5 and 8.3. However, no metacercaria was detected in 1990. In the light of these results, the ponds Dansan and Hagok and lake Jayang are no longer endemic foci C. sinensis.

FLC의 가변 구조화에 관한 연구

신위재,이수흠,이증화 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1997 硏究論文集 Vol.14 No.2

본 논문에서는 전통적인 FLC에 슬라이딩 모드 제어특성을 갖게 하기 위한 슬라이딩 모드 FLC로의 변환에 대해 제안하였다. 먼저 R.Palm에 의해 제안된 FLC의 슬라이딩 모드를 도해적인 방법에 의해 나타내고 FLC의 출력 특성이 기본 퍼지 집합과 룰-베이스의 조정에 의해 슬라이딩 모드 제어 출력 특성과 유사함을 확인 하였다. FLC의 슬라이딩 모드는 경계층을 갖는 전통적인 슬라이딩 모드 제어 특성을 가지며 양호한 출력 특성을 위한 파라메타의 조정이 손쉽다. 본 연구 결과를 경계층이 0과 0.1인 경우에 있어 FLC의 슬라이딩 모드와 슬라이딩 모드 제어를 시뮬레이션 결과에 의해 비교하였다. In this paper, we proposed the application for transform to the Sliding mode Fuzzy logic control(FLC) so that have control characteristic of Sliding mode control at conventional Fuzzy logic control. First, we explained by means of graphical method for the Sliding mode of Fuzzy logic control that is proposed by R. Palm. Then, we confirmed that the output characteristic of FLC is similar to output characteristic of Sliding mode control by adjustment of reference fuzzy sets and Rule-Base. Sliding mode of Fuzzy logic control has characteristic of conventional sliding mode control with boundary layer and easy to adjust parameter for favorable output quality and we compare with sliding mode control and sliding mode of Fuzzy logic control in case of 0 and 0.1 boundary layer by simulation results.

서보모터 제어를 위한 P-I 부가 MFC에 관한 연구

신위재,오시창 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1997 硏究論文集 Vol.14 No.2

본 논문에서는 퍼지척도와 퍼지적분을 이용한 P-I 부가 MFC를 제안 하였다. P-I 제어기의 각 각의 이득값을 최적하게 하기위한 퍼지제어기 법칙들에 다기준 방법을 적용하였고 전단계로 출력응답의 모양에대한 해석적 결과들을 사용하였다. 상승시간, 오버슈트, 정정시간을 포함한 세가지 속성을 이용하여 원하는 출력을 얻기위해 퍼지룰의 이득 평가표가 만들어졌다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 AC서보모터의 속도 제어기가 전통적인 P-I 제어기 보다 더 나은 제어 성능을 나타냄을 확인하였다. In this paper, we proposed a P-I plus MFC(Multicriteria Fuzzy Controller)using fuzzy measure and a fuzzy integral. We applied a multicriteria method in fuzzy controller rules to optimize each gain value of the P-I controller and in former step, we used that analytical results with respect to the shape of output response. We made a gain estimation table of the fuzzy rules in order to get the desired output response using the three attributes including the rise time, the overshoot and the settling time. By computer simulation, we could be verified that propose speed controller of AC servo motor have superior control performance than conventional P-I controller.