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Younis, Uzma,Athar, Mohammad,Malik, Saeed Ahmad,Bokhari, Tasveer Zahra,Shah, M. Hasnain Raza Techno-Press 2017 Advances in environmental research Vol.6 No.2
Cotton is the major fiber crop in Pakistan that accounts for 2% of total national gross domestic product (GDP). After picking of cotton, the dry stalks are major organic waste that has no fate except burning to cook food in villages. Present research focuses use of cotton stalks as feedstock for biochar production, its characterization and effects on soil characteristics. Dry cotton stalks collected from agricultural field of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan were combusted under anaerobic conditions at $450^{\circ}C$. The physicochemical analysis of biochar and cotton stalks show higher values of % total carbon, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in biochar as compared to cotton stalks. The concentration of nitrogen was decreased in biochar. Similarly biochar had greater values of fixed carbon that suggest its role for carbon sequestration and as a soil amendment. The fourier transformation infrared spectroscopic spectra (FTIR) of cotton stalks and biochar exposed more acidic groups in biochar as compared to cotton stalks. The newly developed functional groups in biochar have vital role in increasing surface properties, cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity, and are responsible for heavy metal remediation in contaminated soil. In a further test, results show increase in the water holding capacity and nutrient retention by a sandy soil amended with biochar. It is concluded that cotton stalks can be effectively used to prepare biochar.
Karim, Shahid,Malik, Kausar,Zafar, Uzma,Riazuddin, S. Korean Society of Applied Entomology 1999 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.2 No.1
A large number of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates separated from different ecological regions of Pakistan were characterized for crystal protein gene composition and pesticidal activity against two lepidopteran rice insect pests, the yellow stem borer (Scripophaga incertulas) and the rice leaf folders (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). A representative seventeen isolates were and the rice leaf folders (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). A representative seventeen isolates were selected on the basis of initial screening and further characterization of pesticidal activity was performed according to following criteria; colony and parasporal inclusion morphology, SDS-PAGE, western blot analysis and comparative biotoxicity assays to determine ${LC}_{50}$ values. All isolates produced parasporal inclusion bodies and spores in their cells. Immunoblotting results showed that Pakistanian isolates synthesized entomocidal proteins belonging to Cry1A and Cry2A toxin groups. the biological activity of local isolates demonstrated a wide range of ${LC}_{50}$ values against both target insects pests. The most potet isolates, INS 1.13, INS 2.25 and NW 4.1 against S.incertulas showed ${LC}_{50}$ values of 29.83, 30.37 and 24.77 ng/ml of toxin, respectively. The ${LC}_{50}$ values of 57.37 and 73.09 ng/ml of toxin were exhibited by local isolates, INS 2.25 and RL 4.8 against C. medinalis, respectively.