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모국어 말소리 대조 시 작업기억과 변별능력 간의 연관성
Usha Shastri,Keerthana Kulath Purath Raj,Mable Mathew,Mohan Kumar Kalaiah,Ajith Kumar Uppunda c 한국언어청각임상학회 2019 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.24 No.1
배경 및 목적: 모국어의 말소리(phone)를 변별할 때, 특히 도전적 상황에서 이를 수행할 때에는 매우 큰 개인차가 존재한다. 말소리 변별 시 유용한 단서를 활용할 수 있는 능력이 인지능력에 의해 촉진되는지, 이를 통해 개인차를 어느 정도 설명해 줄 수 있는지에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 말라얄람어(Malayalam)를 모국어로 사용하는 청자가 말라얄람어 말소리를 맥락 단서 없이 구분할때 작업기억능력과 변별능력 간에 어떤 연관성이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 말라얄람어를 모국어로 사용하는 18-25세 청자 40 명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 참여자들로 하여금 무의미단어 사이에 삽입된 말라얄람어 8개 말소리를 변별하도록 하였다. 읽기폭 과제, 조작폭 과제, 숫자 바로외우기 과제, 숫자 거꾸로외우기 과제 등을 이용하여 작업기억능력을 측정하였고, 각 말소리의 변별점수, 전체 말소리 변별점수(8개 말소리로부터 얻은 평균변별점수)와 변별 시 반응시간을 함께 측정하였다. 결과: 참여자의 말소리 변별점수는 57.8%-99%의 범위를 보였다. 피어슨 적률상관분석 결과 모든 작업기억능력 측정치와 전체 말소리 변별점수 간에는 유의한 정적 상관이 나타나 작업기억능력이 말소리 변별에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 작업기억능력의 측정치는 말소리 변별점수 다양성의 24.7%를 설명할 수 있었다. 논의 및 결론: 맥락 단서가 없는 상황에서의 말소리 변별은 인지 부담을 높인다. 그러므로 높은 능력은 어려운 상황에서 모국어 말소리를 변별하는 데 도움을 준다. 이 연구는 모국어 말소리 지각에서 인지가 미치는 하향식 영향력을 제시하고 있다. Objectives: Large individual variability is documented for identification performance of native phones, especially in challenging situations. It is not known whether the ability to utilize cues available for phone identification is facilitated by cognitive abilities, thereby explaining a proportion of the individual variability. This study investigated the relationship between working memory capacity and identification of a few Malayalam phones in the absence of contextual cues among native listeners. Methods: Forty native listeners of Malayalam, aged between 18 and 25, participated in this study. Participants identified 8 Malayalam phones embedded in nonsense words. Working memory capacity was measured using tasks such as reading span, operation span, digit forward span, and digit backward span. Identification score for each phone, total phone identification score (average identification score from 8 phones), and reaction time during identification were obtained. Results: Phone identification score of participants ranged from 57.8% to 99%. Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between all measures of working memory capacity and total phone identification score, indicating that working memory capacity play a role in the identification of phones. Reaction time showed a significant negative correlation with digit backward span and operation span. The measures of working memory capacity accounted for 24.7% of the variability in phone identification score. Conclusion: Identification of phones in the absence of contextual cues increases the cognitive load. Therefore, higher working memory capacity might aid in native phone identification in difficult situations. This study reveals the top down influence of cognition on native speech perception.
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Cortical Auditory Event Related Potentials (P300) for Frequency Changing Dynamic Tones
Mohan Kumar Kalaiah,Usha Shastri 대한청각학회 2016 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.20 No.1
Background and Objectives: P300 has been studied with a variety of stimuli. However, the nature of P300 has not been investigated for deviant stimuli which change its characteristics from standard stimuli after a period of time from onset. Subjects and Methods: Nine young adults with normal hearing participated in the study. The P300 was elicited using an oddball paradigm, the probability of standard and deviant stimuli was 80% and 20% respectively. Six stimuli were used to elicit P300, it included two pure-tones (1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz) and four tone-complexes (tones with frequency changes). Among these stimuli, 1,000 Hz tone served as standard while others served as deviant stimuli. The P300 was recorded in five separate blocks, with one of the deviant stimuli as target in each block. Electroencephalographic was recorded from electrode sites Fz, Cz, C3, C4, and Pz. Latency and amplitude of components of the cortical auditory evoked potentials were measured at Cz. Results: Waveforms obtained in the present study shows that, all the deviant stimuli elicited obligatory P1-N1-P2 for stimulus onset. 2,000 Hz deviant tone elicited P300 at a latency of 300 ms. While, tone-complexes elicited acoustic change complex (ACC) for frequency changes and finally elicited P300 at a latency of 600 ms. In addition, the results showed shorter latency and larger amplitude ACC and P300 for rising tone-complexes compared to falling tone-complexes. Conclusions: Tone-complexes elicited distinct waveforms compared to 2,000 Hz deviant tone. Rising tone-complexes which had an increase in frequency elicited shorter latency and larger amplitude responses, which could be attributed to perceptual bias for frequency changes.
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Mohan Kumar Kalaiah,Alina Lasrado,Nikita Pinto,Usha Shastri 대한청각학회 2018 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.22 No.4
Background and Objectives: Strength of medial olivocochlear reflex can be measured reliably using contralateral inhibition of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) when its fine structure is considered. However, measurement of fine structure of DPOAE is difficult with clinical equipment. Thus, this study investigated the clinically relevant test-retest reliability of contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-six young adults withnormal hearing sensitivity participated. DPOAEs were recorded at 27 discrete f2 frequenciesbetween 800 Hz and 8,000 Hz at frequency resolution of 8 points per octave with and withoutcontralateral white noise presented at 50 dB SPL. To check for short term inter-sessionreliability, contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs were recorded in three sessions, two recordingsessions on first day separated by 30 minutes and third time after one week of the first session. Within each session, DPOAEs were recorded twice in single probe-fit condition to testfor intra-session reliability. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was calculated having poor reliability (α≤0.7) of contralateral inhibition of DPOAEs in both intra-session and inter-session conditionsfor most of the tested frequencies. 95% confidence intervals of contralateral inhibition magnitudealso showed large variability. Conclusions: The current results showed that thoughDPOAE amplitudes were highly reliable across sessions, amount of inhibition of DPOAEs wasnot reliable when DPOAEs were measured at discrete frequencies. These findings are concurrentwith the literature.
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