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準自然場面における「誘い行動」の日韓比較 - ディスコ - スㆍポライトネス理論の觀点から
宇佐美まゆみ(Usami Mayumi) 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2006 日本硏究 Vol.28 No.-
This paper introduces the basic framework of Discourse Politeness Theory (hereafter, DPT) and analyzes "inviting behaviors" in Japanese and Korean quasi natural conversations, from the viewpoint of DPT (Usami, 2001a, 2002a). DPT has been developed based on the results of a series of empirical research, and it attempts to enable researchers to contrast politeness behavior in languages with and without honorifics within the same framework, while minimizing cultural biases. DPT also attempts to contribute to finding ways to solve problems created by cross cultural misunderstanding. DPT is based on the core concepts of "discourse politeness" which is defined as "the functional dynamic whole of factors of both linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena that playa part in the pragmatic politeness of a discourse", and "discourse default" which is used for representing the prototypical state of factors both in linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena within the discourse. DPT consists of the following six key concepts: 1) "discourse defaults", which is used to represent the prototypical state of factors both in linguistic forms and discourse level phenomena within discourse, 2) "markedness of politeness", 3) "markedness of behavior", 4) three types of "politeness effect", which are positive, neutral, and negative effects toward pleasantness, 5) "Discrepancy in estimation value (De value)", which is the discrepancy between the speaker" s and hearer" s estimation of the degree of Face Threat of the speaker" s act, and 6) "absolute and relative politeness". Examples of "inviting behaviors" in Japanese and Korean quasi natural conversations are qualitatively analyzed and explained by using the concepts in DPT. Finally, the contribution of DPT to the study of cross cultural pragmatics and interpersonal communication is mentioned.
( Sadahiko Usami ),( Kenji Kuzumaki ),( Shigeyoshi Lmaizumi ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1
Many types of geomembrane, for example, HDPE, EPDM and TPE(PE,PP) are placed on the bottom and side slope in waste landfill for the leachate not to infiltrate into the surrounding ground. The perforated pipe to collect groundwater is also placed under the bottom liner including the geomembrane. The pipe is usually varied into the trench that is ditched in base ground and then filled with soil. In case compaction work to fill the soil is not so enough, the compression due to the weight of buried waste may occur and result in the partial settlement of the geomembrane liner spread over it. This partial settlement will surely demand the stretch of the geomembrane. Large stretch means large tensile strain, which leads to break of geomembrane. The authors conducted trapped door tests to evaluate the relation between the partial settlement and the induced tensile strains within the placed geomembrane between sand layers. They also derived Modified Elastic Model (MEM) for estimating the maximum tensile strain of geomembrane liner caused by partial settlement of base ground in waste landfill. In this model, the relation between stress and strain of geomembrane is assumed as hyperbolic. The relation between relative displacement and frictional stress is still assumed as rigid plastic. They show that the MEM presents larger maximum tensile strain for a given elongation than old Elastic Model (EM) in which relation between stress and strain is assumed as a linear.