http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
(Tetsuo Arakawa),(Toshio Watanabe),(Kazunari Tominaga),(Yasuhiro Fujiwara),(Kazuhide Higuchi) 대한소화기학회 1999 SIDDS Vol.5 No.-
The aim of this paper is to review recent data pertaining to mechanisms of ulcer recurrence. Production of inflammatory cytokines is stimulated by ulcerogenic factors such as stress as well as NSAIDs and H. pylori infection. Therefore, the cytokines may be a common key factor to cause ulcer recurrence. When interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha is administered to rats with healed chronic gastric ulcer, the ulcer recurs at the same site of previous ulcer (ulcer scar site) like most of human peptic ulcers. Excessive macrophages exist at the regenerated mucosa of ulcer scar site compared with normal mucosa adjacent to the site. Monocytes/macrophages are the major cell type responsible for production of inflammatory cytokines that activate leukocytes and stimulate expression of adhesion molecules. Therefore, the accumulation of such cells at the ulcer scar may explain why ulcers tend to recur usually at the same site. Neutrophils may contribute to the final step of recurrence of ulcer because antibody against neutrophils completely inhibits the recurrence caused by IL-1beta. Two possibly mechanisms are concerned: their cytotoxic effects to the mucosal cells via production of active oxygen species, elastase, and TNF-alpha, and microcirculatory disturbance due to neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction.
Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.,Katsuki, Toshio,Primack, Richard B.,Ishii, Yukio,Lee, Sang Don,Higuchi, Hiroyoshi Botanical Society of America, Inc. (Columbus) * Bu 2007 American journal of botany Vol.94 No.9
<P>Climate change is affecting plant phenology worldwide. Phenological responses vary among species, but it is not clear how responses differ among closely related species. We examined a 25-yr record (1981-2005) of flowering times for 97 trees, representing 17 species and hybrids of cherry (Cerasus sp. or Prunus sp.) grown at Mt. Takao, in Tokyo, Japan. The cherry trees flowered earlier over time, by an average of 5.5 d over the 25-yr study. Earlier flowering was explained largely by a 1.8C increase in February-March mean monthly temperatures. Most species and hybrids flowered 3-5 d earlier for each 1C increase in temperature, but early-flowering taxa flowered as much as 9 d earlier for each 1C increase in temperature. Flowering durations and differences in flowering times among species were greater in warm years than in cold years. Species and individual trees also flowered longer in warm years. These results show that the flowering times of closely related species may change similarly in response to climate change, but that early-flowering species may diverge from the overall trend in a predictable way. Such changes in flowering may affect gene flow and pollination as the length of the flowering season increases.</P>