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Indirect Strategy and Interpretive Economy in Phrasal Yorimo and Bǐ-Comparatives
( Toshiko Oda ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2024 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.25 No.1
The semantics of Japanese yorimo-comparatives remained somewhat mysterious until Beck et al. (2004) proposed a context-dependent analysis that accounted for the peculiar behavior of clausal yorimo-comparatives. Despite its contribution, however, many arguments have been made against the idea of the context-dependent comparisons of yorimo-comparatives. Kennedy (2007a) and Sudo (2015) argue that yorimo-comparatives can still be captured within the framework of traditional compositional comparison. This study focuses on phrasal yorimo-comparatives and argues that context-dependent analysis remains a viable option. Phrasal yorimo-comparatives in Japanese and bǐ-comparatives in Mandarin Chinese are largely considered equivalents of phrasal more than-comparatives. However, I will first point out that phrasal yorimo/bǐ-comparatives behave more like compared to/im Vergleich zu “in comparison to”-constructions rather than more than-comparatives. I will argue that indirect strategy, another context-dependent analysis developed by Hohaus (2015), captures the behaviors of phrasal yorimo/bǐ-comparatives. Her framework of indirect strategy was originally proposed to explain the semantics of compared to/im Vergleich zu “in comparison to”-constructions; it also captures the behaviors of phrasal yorimo/bǐ-comparatives. This study further proposes that variations in judgments that arise in phrasal yorimo/bǐ-comparatives are explained by Interpretive Economy proposed by Kennedy (2007b). Such rule-governed mechanism enriches the framework of indirect strategy and makes it more plausible.
Danger Estimation with HIC and Risk Curve in Passengers Falls from Running Rail Cars
( Toshiko Nakagawa ) 한국안전학회(구 한국산업안전학회) 2011 International Journal of Safety Vol.10 No.2
In 2001. an independent official board was constituted in Japan to investigate aircraft and railway accidents. In the past 10 years, many accidents and serious incidents have been investigated and these official reports were published by the board, on which the author had sat for 9 years as boarding member. In the interim, there were several train disasters which mocked our trust in railways and also many apparent trivial incidents. In recent years, serious incidents, which a door of running rail cars opens suddenly with some trouble, happen 2 or 3 times in a year. For the past 10 years, such incidents have happened 14 times and 13 cases of them were closed by the board mentioned above. In these 13 eases, no one fell off the rail car, so that the death toll was none luckily. In this paper, these 13 serious incidents are picked up among all the reports published by the board and outlined using some tables. Especially, fall accidents of passengers are discussed mainly from the view point of impact force and duration time. Then, the equation of HIC (Head lnjuty Criteria) and the risk curves in terms of the 1-tIC are dealt with properly.
THE BEHAVIOR OF PESTICIDES DURING TRANSPORT IN SOILS
Yamaguchi, Toshiko 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1995 環境硏究 Vol.14 No.2
The effect of soil type and the influence of grain size on adsorption/desorption of pesticides was studied under batch and transport conditions. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages and their combined use is required. Adsorption/desorption processes of asulam and simazine on decomposed granite (DG) and a natural loam soil were studied. Equilibrium was obtained in a few minutes in soils with low organic C content, but many hours were needed to obtain equilibrium when the organic C content increased. The amount of pesticide adsorbed by soil particles increased when decreasing the grain size of DG. The Freundlich isotherm was found to best fit the batch measurements. The residence lime of pesticides in the soil appears to be the main factor influencing the recovery of pesticides in the desorption process. During transport column experiments, significant differences in the shape and tailing of the breakthrough curves and in pesticides retardation were observed for the loam soil compared to the decomposed granite. The soil type influences the transport parameters, and therefore the TTNE (two sites/two region non-equilibrium) model was used to describe and interpret the transport measurements.
THE ABSENCE OF GENDER RESEARCH IN JAPANESE INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Himeoka, Toshiko the Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1996 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.20 No.2
In Japan, hardly anybody approaches international studies from the viewpoint of gender. Recently, however, this situationis changing in areas such as development studies, international sociology, and peace studies. Nevertheless, in comparison to the United States, such changes merely scratch the surface. Having been involved in Japanese feminist and gender studies for a longtime, I would like to consider why a gender perspective isabsent from Japanese international studies.
Nakagawa, Toshiko,Suzuki, Kazuo,Haga, Akira,Hayakawa, Naoya Journal of International Conference on Electrical 2013 Journal of international Conference on Electrical Vol.2 No.4
The authors study a novel type of elevator emergency stop device which enables to soften impact force at an emergency halt. A new structure of emergency stop devices has been already proposed by our laboratory and also its characteristics has been already proposed by our laboratory and also its characteristics has been shown by digital simulations[1]. In order to confirm the actual effects of our proposed emergency stop device, we have made up a simulator having the same characteristics as the conventional emergency stop device to accomplish the experiments from now on. In this paper, this process is introduced.
Tsurumi, Toshiko,Masuda, Atsuko,Oishi, Tadashi Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Djungarian hamsters show distinct seasonal rhythms in several physiological parameters. One of them is daily torpor that occurs in winter with decreased body temperature (about 1O-20$^{\circ}$C) during daytime. Daily torpor is induced by short-day photoperiod, food restriction and castration. But the mechanism to induce daily torpor has not been clarified. In the present study, we tried to clarify the process of daily torpor induction in detail. Adult male hamsters were kept in long photoperiod and high temperature (LP-HT) before the experiment and, thereafter, the animals were transferred to short photoperiod and low temperature (SP-LT), and they were kept in this condition for about six months. The daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature were recorded every three-minutes by using the Minimitter telemetry system. Locomotor activity and body temperature showed very closely synchronized rhythms. All animals under LP-HT showed daily rhythms with higher locomotor activity and body temperature in nighttime than in daytime. Under SP-LT, there were two types of animals with and without showing daily torpor. Thus, they have individual differences in the response to SP -LT.