美國地方自治政府의 環境變化와 그 組織構造의 變化에 관한 考察

金東勳 충남대학교 경상대학부설 경영경제연구소 1981 경영논집 Vol.3 No.1

Ⅰ. Environmental Changes and Reorganization Needs The urban, particularly metropolitan counties in the United States are faced with an increasingly need to expand their services, but they suffer from the archaic administrative organizations and skills, lack of central locus of power, an excess of elective offices and the practice of various spoils. The metropolitan governments are particularly faced with various socio-economic and political problems and they suffer from conflict of many interests. Increasingly, a need is felt in the United States for a strong executive in the administration of the urban, particularly metropolitan counties. The citizens refuse to pay higher taxes, but they demand better services and an efficient administration. The traditional fragmentation of power in the government, the profusion of elective local officials and the lack of capable administrative personnel have been responsible for a weak government at the local level in the United States and a waste of financial and other resources. Ⅱ. Direction of Reorganization 1. Counties Various reorganization efforts have been made. Many counties now have a charter. Some urban counties have reformed their traditional administrative structures and introduced modern administrative skills. Some urban counties have adopted a manager plan or a county-executive plan with a chief administrattive officer (CAO). 2. Townships The development in communication and transportation in the United States has transformed the concept of time and space and the traditional township government has lost its usefulness. Its unit of government is too small to be effective and economical. Some urban townships are maintained, but increasingly political scientists argue for the need to abolish their township system. 3. Municipalities The structure of municipal government in the United States is affected by its environments such as geographical size, population and its growth rate, existence of political conficts and party competition and social class composition. a). The commission form of municipal government has been losing its support and viability due to its inherent adminstrative weaknesses. b). The mayor-council form is increasingly used. It is believed to provide a stronger political leadership need to administer a large metropolitan area. A strong mayor system has been replacing a weak mayor system. Particularly favored is a strong mayor-administrator form. c). The council-manager form is used in the mid-sized cities in the United States. This type of city is characteristically inhabited by the white people of relatively good education high income and white-collar job. The commission form and the mayor-council form of government have declined in number in this type of city. d). The small cities do not possess the human and other resources to appoint a capable, professionally oriented administrator. As a result, their most prevalent form of government is still the mayor-council system.

直轄市 및 市의 適正規模에 관한 硏究

金東勳 충남대학교 법률행정연구소 1989 논문집 Vol.17 No.-

韓國大學自治行政學科의 모델敎科課程 開發에 관한 硏究

金東勳,金權執 충남대학교 법률행정연구소 1988 논문집 Vol.16 No.-

유기농업에서의 작물의 양분관리

안난희, 신재훈, 옥정훈, 이상민, 김석철, 사동민 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2016 農業科學硏究 Vol.32 No.2

Soil fertility is fundamental in determining the productivity of all farming systems and is most�ﾠ�ﾠ commonly defined in terms of the ability of the soil to supply nutrients to crops. Organic farming systems rely on the management of soil organic matter to enhance the chemical, biological and physical properties of the soil, in order to optimize crop production. Organic agriculture excludes the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers, instead requiring a balance between supply and demand nutrients through the use of organic matter. Nutrient management is one of the main challenges facing organic farming. The short term challenge is supplying sufficient nutrients to crops at the correct point in their development to achieve economically viable yield, while in the long term, the difficulty is to balance nutrient inputs and runoffs to avoid nutrient rundown or environmental pollution. This paper reviews information from the literature to investigate strategies of managing nutrients by supplying organic matter in organic agriculture during the major phases of crop growth.

配置轉換 : 實態와 理論 Praxis und Theorie

鄭奇南,金東勳 충남대학교 법률행정연구소 1980 논문집 Vol.7 No.-

IL-β의 인슐린 분비 자극효과와 그 과정에 관여하는 인자들

정인경,오승훈,강동묵,정재훈,민용기,이명식,이문규,김광원 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.4

연구배경: IL­1β는 용량과 노출시간에 따라 인슐린분비에 대해 상반되는 효과를 가지고 있다. IL­1β의 인슐린 분비 억제효과는 제1혁명 당뇨병의 자가면역 기전과 관련되어 잘 알려져 있으나 인슐린 자극효과에 대해서는 아직 명백히 밝혀지지 않았다. 이에 저자 등은 IL­1β의 다양한 농도에 따라 백서의 췌도세포에서 인슐린 분비에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 그 기전으로 인슐린 생합성, iNOS의 발현, 칼슘통로의 활성도 변화여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법:200∼300g인 수컷 Sprague­Dawley 백서의 췌도를 변형된 Lacy&Kostianovsky's 방법으로 분리한 후 IL­1β의 다양한 농도(0, 0.5, 5, 50, 500pmol/L)에 2, 6, 24시간 노출시켜 췌도세포의 형태, 생존능을 관찰하고 인슐린 분비능 및 췌도세포내 인슐린 함량을 측정하였으며, 전전구 인슐린 mRNA발현, iNOS mRNA발현을 RT­PCR을 통해 확인하였고, 세포의 칼슘 통로 활성도 변화 여부를 측정하였다. 결과:1) IL­1β에 노출되 췌도의 생존능:2시간 노출시는 대조군과 차이가 없었으나, 6시간 고농도군과 24시간 모든 군에서 생존능이 감소되었다. 2)인슐린 분비능은 IL­1β를 2시간 5poml/L이상의 고농도와 6시간 0.5pmol/L 저농도 처리시 대조군에 비해 의미있게 증가하였으나, 6시간과 24시간 5poml/L이상의 고농도에서는 의미있게 인슐린의 분비가 억제 되었다. 3)췌도내 인슐린양의 변화는 IL­1β의 시간과 농도에 따라 배지내의 인슐린 변화와 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 통계학적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 4)전전구인슐린의 mRNA발현은 2시간 50pmol/L이상 고농도의 IL­1β에서 의미있게 증가하였고, 6시간 처리군에서는 의미있는 차이는 없었으나, 24시간에서 IL­1β의 용량의존적으로 억제되었다. 5)iNOS mRNA는 IL­1β 처리 후 2시간부터 발현되기 시작하여, 6시간에 최고에 달한 후 24시간에는 점차 감소하였다. IL­1β의 처리시간과 무관하게 5poml/L이상의 고농도에서 용량에 따라 발현이 증가하였다. 6)칼슘통로 활성도는 IL­1β의 농도나 시간에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: IL­1β는 단시간 고용량이나 장기간 저용량에서 인슐린 분비와 생합성을 증가시키며, 이런 효과는 iNOS나 칼슘 통로 활성도 변화와는 무관한 것으로 생각된다. Background : The inhibitory effort of IL-1β on the insulin secretion has been validated in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, but complex results about the stimulatory effect of IL-1β have been reported. The aims of this study are to clarify the effects of IL-1βon insulin secretion of pancreatic islets and to investigate the mechanisms in terms of preproinsulin synthesis, inducible NOS expression, and calcium channel activity. Method : Islets were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat by modified Lacy-Kostianovsky's method. After islets were treated with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, 50, 500 pmol/L) and exposure time (2, 6, 24 hours) of IL-1β, morphology, viability, static stimulation of insulin to glucose, insulin content, preproinsulin mRNA expression, iNOS mRNA expression and calcium channel activity were measured. Results : 1) Viability o islets was reduced in high concentrations of long term exposure of IL-1β. 2) Insulin secretion was stimulated in islets treated with 5, 50, and 500 pmol/L of IL-1β for 2 hours. 3) Insulin content was not significantly different regardless of concentration and exposure time of IL-1β. 4) Preproinsulin mRNA expression increased in islets treated with 50, 500 pmol/L of IL-1β for 2 hours. After 24 hours, it decreased in dose dependent manner. 5) iNOS mRNA expression was detectable after 2 hours in the presence of IL-1β, peaks at 6 hour and decreased after 24 hours. It was increased above 5 pmol/L of IL-1β in dose dependent manner. 6) Activities of the voltage-dependent Ca^2+ channels were not different among groups. Conclusion : IL-1β plays a positive role in terms of insulin secretion and insulin synthesis in high concentration of short term or low concentration of long term. These effects of IL-1β might be neither dependent of iNOS pathway nor Ca^2+ channel activity (J Kor Diabetes Asso 431~443, 2000).

Regulation of L-type Calcium Channel Current by Somatostatin in Guinea-Pig Gastric Myocytes

Kim, Young-Chul,Sim, Jae-Hoon,Lee, Sang-Jin,Kang, Tong-Mook,Kim, Sung-Joon,Kim, Seung-Ryul,Youn, Sei-Jin,Lee, Sang-Jeon,Xu, Wen Xie,So, In-Suk,Kim, Ki-Whan The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2005 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.9 No.2

To study the direct effect of somatostatin (SS) on calcium channel current ($I_{Ba}$) in guinea-pig gastric myocytes, $I_{Ba}$ was recorded by using whole-cell patch clamp technique in single smooth muscle cells. Nicardipine ($1{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, inhibited $I_{Ba}$ by $98{\pm}1.9$% (n=5), however $I_{Ba}$ was decreased in a reversible manner by application of SS. The peak $I_{Ba}$ at 0 mV were decreased to $95{\pm}1.5$, $92{\pm}1.9$, $82{\pm}4.0$, $66{\pm}5.8$, $10{\pm}2.9$% at $10^{-10}$, $10^{-9}$, $10^{-8}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-5}$ M of SS, respectively (n=3∼6; $mean{\pm}SEM$). The steady-state activation and inactivation curves of $I_{Ba}$ as a function of membrane potentials were well fitted by a Boltzmann equation. Voltage of half-activation ($V_{0.5}$) was $-12{\pm}0.5$ mV in control and $-11{\pm}1.9$ mV in SS treated groups (respectively, n=5). The same values of half-inactivation were $-35{\pm}1.4$ mV and $-35{\pm}1.9$ mV (respectively, n=5). There was no significant difference in activation and inactivation kinetics of $I_{Ba}$ by SS. Inhibitory effect of SS on $I_{Ba}$ was significantly reduced by either dialysis of intracellular solution with $GDP_{\beta}S$, a non-hydrolysable G protein inhibitor, or pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). SS also decreased contraction of guinea-pig gastric antral smooth muscle. In conclusion, SS decreases voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel current ($VDCC_L$) via PTXsensitive signaling pathways in guinea-pig antral circular myocytes.

김운태 저 , 일본제국주의의 한국통치

김동훈 ( Tong - Hoon Kim ) 한국행정학회 1986 韓國行政學報 Vol.20 No.2

美國地方自治政府의 環境變化와 그 組織構造의 變化에 관한 考察

金東勳(Tong-Hoon Kim) 충남대학교 경영경제연구소 1981 경상논집 Vol.3 No.1

Multiple Subcutaneous Abscesses Complicating Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia associated with BCG Vaccination

Sang Hoon Chae,Do Hyun Kim,Ji Won Kim,Young Tong Kim,Joon Bum Kim,Young Jin Choi,Joon Soo Park 순천향의학연구소 2013 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.19 No.2

We report a case of 42-day-old girl with multiple abscesses in soft tissue sites and osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus after an intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. This may be an unusual complication of intradermal BCG vaccination.