Wanderlust and Sunlust in the Sensitive Tourist Destination

Toney K. Thomas 세계문화관광학회 2008 Conference Proceedings Vol.9 No.0

The community perception on tourism development has influence on social change in the tourist destination. This condition is further influenced by the phase of tourism development in the tourist destination. The perception level of destination community on the receptivity of tourism has close relation to economic development in a tourist destination. The base of all these correlation is the type of tourist visiting the destination. Based on this concept, this article scrutinizes the influence of wanderlust and sun lust tourists for changing perception of destination community in sensitive tourist destination. To understand the community perceptual change based on the typology of tourists is studied in Wayanad, the tourist district of Kerala, India. Based on the study, it is concluded that destination lifecycle, community perception and type of tourists are influencing in a linear sequence for destination sustainability.

Benchmarking Tourist Destination -Concept to Practice in Developing Economy-

( Toney K. Thomas ) 세계문화관광학회 2011 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.4 No.1

Benchmarking the performance of tourism in a tourist destination is an extremely complex and challenging task because of its interdisciplinary nature and due to the involvement of many sectors, components and elements. Integration of different sectors and synergizing the tourism system function is a major issue as the tourism industry requires different levels of involvement with diverse interests. Since tourism is one of the key areas of economic transformation in developing countries, benchmarking of tourist destination can significantly contribute to positioning that tourist destination in the international market. Hence market variations can be easily identified and market leadership can be achieved. This study explains the construction of Index Core Components for tourist destination benchmarking using literature reviews, the study also addresses two new components that need to be included for constructing a benchmarking tool. The significance of destination benchmarking is explained using Kerala Tourism as an example a topic also addressed in this study. This paper also elucidates a tourist destination benchmarking model and performance evaluation framework for benchmarking tourist destinations in a developing economy.

The Income Inequality of Wage Earners during 1993-98 in Korea

이장영(Lee Jang-Young),Michael Toney 한국인구학회 2005 한국인구학 Vol.28 No.2

이 논문은 1993년에서 1998년까지 임금 노동자들의 소득을 분석하였다. 한국의 경제와 그에 따른 노동자들의 소득은 1997년 말에 시작된 경제위기와 IMF 경제하에서 급격한 변화를 겪었다. 소득이 어떻게 변화하였는지 교육, 성, 연령을 중요한 변수로 여기는 인적 자본론을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 1993년에서 1998년까지 소득변화에 미치는 성 효과는 어떤 유형을 찾기 어렵지만 교육 효과는 점차 감소하고 있으며 연령 효과는 급격히 감소하고 있다. 소득변화에 미치는 세변수의 누적 효과는 증가하다가 감소하고 다시 증가하다가 감소하는 파도와 같은 모양을 보이지만 전체적으로는 점차 감소하고 있다. 이 논문은 패널조사로 구성된 원자료를 사용하였기 때문에 조사가 어려운 저소득층이 점차 줄어드는 제한점이 있다. The income of wage earners and the transition of the inequality of their income from 1993 through 1998 have been analyzed. Korea's economy went through an epochal change since the beginning of the IMF economy and the inequality of income, which is part of the change incurred by this situation, has been studied in this thesis. The 'human capital theory' has been chosen as the basis of study. Also, gender, educational background and age, which are the key variables of the 'human capital theory', have been set as independent variables to compare each variable's influence in the distribution of income. From 1993 to 1998, the effect of gender has shown a fluctuating pattern whereas the effect of education declined slowly and the effect of age rapidly. The accumulative effect of the three variables show a fluctuating pattern, but at a declining mode. Though discrimination against gender, educational background and age, in terms of income, is at a declining mode, it is apparent that it still exists. Especially, discrimination against gender is continuing at a fluctuating pattern.

The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration in the United States: Propensities and Rural-Urban Destination Selections

Ji-Youn Lee(이지연),Michael B. Toney(마이클 토니),Helen E. Berry(헬렌 베리) 한국인구학회 2003 한국인구학 Vol.26 No.2

이 논문은 젊은 맞벌이 부부들 상호간에 교육정도와 소득수준의 차이가 가족의 지리적 이동에 미치는 영향을 지위불일치(status inconsistency)라는 개념을 통해서 살펴보았다. 미국의 패널데이타인 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79를 이용하여 부부간의 지위불일치가 이동 성향과 이동 방향에 미치는 영향을 로지스틱 모형으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 아내의 교육정도가 남편의 교육정도보다 높은 부부일수록 아내의 교육정도가 낮은 부부에 비해 이동할 확률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 남편과 아내의 지위불일치는 도시와 농촌간의 이동방향에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나, 지위불일치가 가족의 이동에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 성에 따른 차이가 나타났다. 여성의 경우, 배우자의 지위가 높을 경우 이것이 이동성향에 있어 유의미한 차이를 나타냈지만, 남성의 경우는 배우자의 지위가 상대적으로 높다할지라도 이동확률에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은, 자녀 유무와 연령이 통제될 때, 가족의 지리적 이동확률과 방향은 아내와 남편간의 인적자본정도와 시장에서의 수익능력 차에 의해서 결정된다는 인적자본론이나 가족자원론과는 달리 전통적인 성역할 차이로 설명했던 성역할이론과 더 일치한다고 볼 수 있다. Using the panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we test the effects of relative status inconsistency within American young couples on the direction of migration as well as on migration propensities. Key findings in this study indicate that only couples In which the wife's education is greater than the husband's education are less likely to migrate than couples for which the wife's status Is as lower than the husband's. There are no differences in the propensity for rural couples to migrate to urban counties or for urban couples to migrate to rural counties based on status Inconsistency between spouses. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of family migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. These findings are most consistent with a gender role perspective on migration since increases in the wife's status have little effect on family migration, once the presence and age of children is controlled.

Structure of palladium nanoclusters for hydrogen gas sensors

K.J. Stevens,B. Ingham,M.F. Toney,S.A. Brown,A. Lassesson 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.3,4

Palladium nanoclusters produced by inert gas aggregation/magnetron sputtering are used as building blocks for the construction ofnano electronic devices with large surface to volume ratios that can be used as sensitive hydrogen gas sensors in fuel cells and in petro-chemical plants. X-ray diraction (XRD), extended X-ray absorption ne structure (EXAFS), and high resolution transmission electronmicroscopy (HRTEM) have been used to characterise the structure, lattice constant, particle diameter and oxide thickness of the palla-dium nanoclusters in order to understand the operation of these sensors. Grazing incidence XRD (GIXRD) of heat treated Pd clustershas shown that the palladanite structure forms at elevated temperatures.

The use of poly-cation oxides to lower the temperature of two-step thermochemical water splitting

Zhai, Shang,Rojas, Jimmy,Ahlborg, Nadia,Lim, Kipil,Toney, Michael F.,Jin, Hyungyu,Chueh, William C.,Majumdar, Arun The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.11 No.8

<P>We report the discovery of a new class of oxides - poly-cation oxides (PCOs) - that consist of multiple cations and can thermochemically split water in a two-step cycle to produce hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Specifically, we demonstrate H2 yields of 10.1 ± 0.5 mL-H2 per g and 1.4 ± 0.5 mL-H2 per g from (FeMgCoNi)Ox (<I>x</I> ≈ 1.2) with thermal reduction temperatures of 1300 °C and 1100 °C, respectively, and also with background H2 during the water splitting step. Remarkably, these capacities are mostly higher than those from measurements and thermodynamic analysis of state-of-the-art materials such as (substituted) ceria and spinel ferrites. Such high-performance two-step cycles ≤1100 °C are practically relevant for today's chemical infrastructure at large scale, which relies almost exclusively on thermochemical transformations in this temperature regime. It is likely that PCOs with complex cation compositions will offer new opportunities for both fundamental investigations of redox thermochemistry as well as scalable H2 production using infrastructure-compatible chemical systems.</P>

On twin density and resistivity of nanometric Cu thin films

Barmak, Katayun,Liu, Xuan,Darbal, Amith,Nuhfer, N. Thomas,Choi, Dooho,Sun, Tik,Warren, Andrew P.,Coffey, Kevin R.,Toney, Michael F. American Institute of Physics 2016 Journal of Applied Physics Vol.120 No.6

Impact of regioregularity on thin-film transistor and photovoltaic cell performances of pentacene-containing polymers

Jiang, Ying,Hong, Sanghyun,Oh, Joon Hak,Mondal, Rajib,Okamoto, Toshihiro,Verploegen, Eric,Toney, Michael F.,McGehee, Michael D.,Bao, Zhenan The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.10

<P>Regioregular pentacene-containing polymers were synthesized with alkylated bithiophene (<B>BT</B>) and cyclopentadithiophene (<B>CPDT</B>) as comonomers. Among them, 2,9-conjugated polymers <B>PnBT-2,9</B> and <B>PnCPDT-2,9</B> achieved the best performance in transistor and photovoltaic devices respectively. The former achieved the most highly ordered structures in thin films, yielding ambipolar transistor behavior with hole and electron mobilities up to 0.03 and 0.02 cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> on octadecylsilane-treated substrates. The latter achieved photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies up to 0.33%. The impact of regioregularity and direction of conjugation-extension (2,9 <I>vs.</I> 2,10), on thin-film order and device performance has been demonstrated for the pentacene-containing polymers for the first time, providing insight towards future functional material design.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Regioregular pentacene-bithiophene-based polymers exhibit disparate solid-state packing and field-effect transistor performance, with the 2,9-conjugation-extended polymer showing the highest molecular order and hole mobility. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm15483h'> </P>

Thermotropic Phase Transition of Benzodithiophene Copolymer Thin Films and Its Impact on Electrical and Photovoltaic Characteristics

Ko, Sangwon,Kim, Do Hwan,Ayzner, Alexander L.,Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.,Verploegen, Eric,Nardes, Alexander M.,Kopidakis, Nikos,Toney, Michael F.,Bao, Zhenan American Chemical Society 2015 Chemistry of materials Vol.27 No.4

<P>We observed a thermotropic phase transition in poly[3,4-dihexyl thiophene-2,2′:5,6′-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene] (<B>PDHBDT</B>) thin films accompanied by a transition from a random orientation to an ordered lamellar phase via a nearly hexagonal lattice upon annealing. We demonstrate the effect of temperature-dependent molecular packing on charge carrier mobility (μ) in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and photovoltaic characteristics, such as exciton diffusion length (<I>L</I><SUB>D</SUB>) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), in organic solar cells (OSCs) using <B>PDHBDT</B>. The μ was continuously improved with increasing annealing temperature and <B>PDHBDT</B> films annealed at 270 °C resulted in a maximum μ up to 0.46 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/(V s) (μ<SUB>avg</SUB> = 0.22 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/(V s)), which is attributed to the well-ordered lamellar structure with a closer π–π stacking distance of 3.5 Å as shown by grazing incidence-angle X-ray diffraction (GIXD). On the other hand, <B>PDHBDT</B> films with a random molecular orientation are more effective in photovoltaic devices than films with an ordered hexagonal or lamellar phase based on current–voltage characteristics of <B>PDHBDT</B>/C60 bilayer solar cells. This observation corresponds to an enhanced dark current density (<I>J</I><SUB>D</SUB>) and a decreased <I>L</I><SUB>D</SUB> upon annealing. This study provides insight into the dependence of charge transport and photovoltaic characteristics on molecular packing in polymer semiconductors, which is crucial for the management of charge and energy transport in a range of organic optoelectronic devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2015/cmatex.2015.27.issue-4/cm503773j/production/images/medium/cm-2014-03773j_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm503773j'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Reversible Multivalent (Monovalent, Divalent, Trivalent) Ion Insertion in Open Framework Materials

Wang, R. Y.,Shyam, B.,Stone, K. H.,Weker, J. N.,Pasta, M.,Lee, H. W.,Toney, M. F.,Cui, Y. John Wiley Sons 2015 Advanced Energy Materials Vol.5 No.12