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Market Integration through Smuggling: China's Sanction on Norwegian Salmon
Roberto J. Garcia(Roberto J. Garcia ),Thi Ngan Giang Nguyen(Thi Ngan Giang Nguyen ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2023 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.38 No.1
Popular press accounts and the political-economics literature link awarding the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to a Chinese dissident to China's trade sanction on Norway's whole, fresh/chilled salmon exports. Norway lost its dominant supplier share of the Chinese market as its total salmon exports to China decreased. Then, in 2011, Vietnam dramatically increased its imports of Norwegian salmon. A structural break divides the data series into two sub-periods: July 1997 to February 2011, and March 2011 to December 2018 (the sanction period). This provides statistical evidence of China imposing an unannounced trade sanction. During the sanction period, Vietnam's current monthly imports are negatively affected by China's lagged monthly imports. A decrease in China's previous monthly salmon imports from Norway “Granger causes” an increase in Vietnam's current imports. No such relationship existed before the sanction, implying that China and Vietnam's salmon markets became integrated through smuggling.
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Tobacco Control Policies in Vietnam: Review on MPOWER Implementation Progress and Challenges
Hoang, Van Minh,Tran, Thu Ngan,Vu, Quynh Mai,Nguyen, Thi Tuyet My,Le, Hong Chung,Vu, Duy Kien,Tran, Tuan Anh,Nguyen, Bao Ngoc,Vu, Van Giap,Nguyen, Manh Cuong,Pham, Duc Manh,Kim, Bao Giang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup1
In Vietnam, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) took effect in March 2005 while MPOWER has been implemented since 2008. This paper describes the progress and challenges of implementation of the MPOWER package in Vietnam. We can report that, in term of monitoring, Vietnam is very active in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System, completing two rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and three rounds of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). To protect people from tobacco smoke, Vietnam has issued and enforced a law requiring comprehensive smoking bans at workplaces and public places since 2013. Tobacco advertising and promotion are also prohibited with the exception of points of sale displays of tobacco products. Violations come in the form of promotion girls, corporate social responsibility activities from tobacco manufacturers and packages displayed by retail vendors. Vietnam is one of the 77 countries that require pictorial health warnings to be printed on cigarette packages to warn about the danger of tobacco and the warnings have been implemented effectively. Cigarette tax is 70% of factory price which is equal to less than 45% of retail price and much lower than the recommendation of WHO. However, Vietnam is one of the very few countries that require manufacturers and importers to make "compulsory contributions" at 1-2% of the factory price of cigarettes sold in Vietnam for the establishment of a Tobacco Control Fund (TCF). The TCF is being operated well. In 2015, 67 units of 63 provinces/cities, 22 ministries and political-social organizations and 6 hospitals received funding from TCF to implement a wide range of tobacco control activities. Cessation services have been starting with a a toll-free quit-line but need to be further strengthened. In conclusion, Vietnam has constantly put efforts into the tobacco control field with high commitment from the government, scientists and activists. Though several remarkable achievements have been gained, many challenges remain. To overcome those challenges, implementation strategies that take into account the contextual factors and social determinants of tobacco use in Vietnam are needed.
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