Metronomic chemotherapy of carboplatin-loaded PEGylated MWCNTs: synthesis, characterization and in vitro toxicity in human breast cancer

Sharma Suraj,Naskar Sweet,Kuotsu Ketousetuo 한국탄소학회 2020 Carbon Letters Vol.30 No.4

Our objective of this study is to design and develop a polyethylene glycol (PEG2000)-modifed multiwall carbon nanotube (PEGylated MWCNT) formulation for oral controlled metronomic chemotherapeutic drug delivery. Multiwall carbon nano�tubes undergo various chemical modifcations including oxidation with strong acids, conjugation of polyethylene glycol, and coating with cellulose acetate phthalate which resulted in the formation of aqueous dispersion and prevention of drug degradation in acidic environment. Advanced analytical procedure such as Fourier transform infra-red, X-ray difraction, diferential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scat�tering techniques were used to evaluate physicochemical characterization. We also performed in vitro cytotoxic study by MTT assay and results revealed that carboplatin-loaded PEGylated MWCNTs did not show signifcant detrimental efect on the viability of MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer) cells. The maximum encapsulation and drug-loading capacity were determined to be 71.58±0.04 and 39.62±0.07%, respectively. The release of carboplatin from PEGylated MWCNTs was investigated at simulated intestinal fuid (SIF), pH 6.8, after optimizing at simulated gastric fuid (SGF), pH 1.2, by enteric coating. Enteric-coated PEGylated MWCNTs exhibit pH-responsive drug activity in a sustained manner especially at pH 6.8. This surface modifcation strongly suggests that PEGylated MWCNTs could be a potential carrier for metronomic chemotherapeutic agent for high drug resistance, drug with maximum adverse efect and poorly oral bioavailable drugs.

Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF assay performance in the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis

( Suraj Kumar ),( Sawan Bopanna ),( Saurabh Kedia ),( Pratap Mouli ),( Rajan Dhingra ),( Rajesh Padhan ),( Mikashmi Kohli ),( Jigyasa Chaubey ),( Rohini Sharma ),( Prasenjit Das ),( S Dattagupta ),( G 대한장연구학회 2017 Intestinal Research Vol.15 No.2

Background/Aims: The use of genetic probes for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has been well described. However, the role of these assays in the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis is unclear. We therefore assessed the diagnostic utility of the Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis /rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay, and estimated the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB in the Indian population . Methods: Of 99 patients recruited, 37 had intestinal TB; two control groups comprised 43 with Crohn`s disease (CD) and 19 with irritable bowel syndrome. Colonoscopy was performed before starting any therapy; mucosal biopsies were subjected to histopathology, acid-fast bacilli staining, Lowenstein-Jensen culture, and nucleic acid amplification testing using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Patients were followed up for 6 months to confirm the diagnosis and response to therapy. A composite reference standard was used for diagnosis of TB and assessment of the diagnostic utility of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Results: Of 37 intestinal TB patients, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay was positive in three of 37 (8.1%), but none had MDR-TB. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay was 8.1%, 100%, 100%, and, 64.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The Xpert MTB/RIF assay has low sensitivity but high specificity for intestinal TB, and may be helpful in endemic tuberculosis areas, when clinicians are faced with difficulty differentiating TB and CD. Based on the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, the prevalence of intestinal MDR-TB is low in the Indian population. (Intest Res 2017;15:187- 194)

Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change in Suburb of Central Himalayas: A Study from Chandragiri, Kathmandu

Joshi, Suraj,Rai, Nitant,Sharma, Rijan,Baral, Nishan Institute of Forest Science 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.1

Rapid urbanization and population growth have caused substantial land use land cover (LULC) change in the Kathmandu valley. The lack of temporal and geographical data regarding LULC in the middle mountain region like Kathmandu has been challenging to assess the changes that have occurred. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in LULC in Chandragiri Municipality between 1996 and 2017 using geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing. Using Landsat imageries of 1996 and 2017, this study analyzed the LULC change over 21 years. The images were classified using the Maximum Likelihood classification method and post classified using the change detection technique in GIS. The result shows that severe land cover changes have occurred in the Forest (11.63%), Built-up areas (3.68%), Agriculture (-11.26%), Shrubland (-0.15%), and Bareland (-3.91%) in the region from 1996 to 2017. This paper highlights the use of GIS and remote sensing in understanding the changes in LULC in the south-west part of Kathmandu valley.

Application of QbD based approach in method development of RP-HPLC for simultaneous estimation of antidiabetic drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form

Deepika Thakur,Amandeep Kaur,Suraj Sharma 한국약제학회 2017 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.47 No.3

The aim of the proposed study was to develop a novel sensitive and rugged stability indicating HPLC method based on an approach of fractional factorial design (FFD) for the simultaneous of estimation of gliclazide and metformin hydrochloride without prior separation in tablets. Preliminary experiments were conducted to identify the critical attribute factors and using Taguchi screening method to assess risk management method process parameters. Later on FFD was applied to optimize the resolution as response between both drugs in short run time. Sixteen experimental runs were performed from grid search data using design of expert software v.7.0. Furthermore, the optimized method was then validated according to the ICH guidelines. The generated model using FFD for the resolution was found to be highly statistically significant (p\0.05) and after analyzing the optimized zone within the design space, the final chromatographic conditions were selected as mobile phase 60:20:20:0.5, pH 7.5, flow rate 1.0 ml/min and column temperature 25 C using analytical column C18 Nucleosil ODS (250 9 4.6 mm2 i.d, 5 l) at 227 nm of detector wavelength. Validation of the developed method by QbD has manifested the specificity, accuracy and excellent linearity range and correlation values (R2) 0.997 and 0.996 for drugs. From the analysis it was measured that their LOD and LOQ values for the drugs were 0.035, 0.080 lg/ml and 0.40, 0.55 lg/ml. Therefore, a novel sensitive, accurate and stability indicating method was developed with high degree of practical utility of both drugs estimation in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

SINGLE WALLED-BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBES BASED NANORESONATOR FOR SENSING OF ACETONE MOLECULES

SANDESH TRIVEDI,SATISH C. SHARMA,SURAJ P. HARSHA 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2014 NANO Vol.9 No.8

Sensor application for detection of acetone molecule(s) present in human breath is developed for cantilevered single walled-boron nitride nanotube (SW-BNNT) and analyzed in the present work. The same can be used for continuous monitoring of diabetes. Biocompatibility nature of BNNTs justify their use in biomedical applications. The possible use of the BNNT as nanomechanical resonators is explored in the present study. An atomistic three dimensional (3D) space frame model of ¯xed-free SW-BNNT-based nanoresonator is developed. The proposed model investigates the feasibility of SW-BNNT for sensing acetone molecules present in human breath for detecting diabetes. Dynamic analysis of ¯xed-free SW-BNNT for variable aspect ratios of nanotubes is carried out. Presence of acetone molecule(s) causes a shift in the resonant frequency of SW-BNNT. It is observed that this frequency shift is quite signi¯cant with presence of more acetone molecules and shows mass sensitivity of SW-BNNT toward acetone molecules. Continuum mechanics-based analytical approach has been used to validate the newly developed sensor equations as the results are found to be in close proximity. The result thus paves new path for the application of SW-BNNTs as biosensor for detection of acetone molecule(s) present in human breath.

Photocatalytic degradation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos in aqueous suspensions using a novel activated carbon ZrO2-ZnO nanocomposite under UV light

Ezung Soremo L.,Baruah Mridushmita,Kumar Suraj,Sharma Shisak,Sinha Dipak 한국화학공학회 2023 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.40 No.6

This paper describes the photocatalytic degradation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos in aqueous suspensions using Schima wallichii activated carbon/ZrO2-ZnO (SWAC/ZrO2-ZnO) nanocomposite in UV light. Analytical techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, TEM-SEAD, XPS, PL, and BET analyzer were used to characterize the SWAC/ZrO2-ZnO nanocomposite. The BET surface area of the photocatalyst was found to be 223.387 m2g−1, having a total pore volume of 0.1845 cm3g−1. The photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos followed pseudo-first-order rate kinetics with a half-life period (t1/2) of 7.088 mins and Kap (apparent rate constant) of 0.09778 min−1. The mechanism of composite formation was explained using DFT investigations, which demonstrated a favorable immobilization of ZrO2-ZnO on SWAC. Chemical descriptors gained from DFT investigations, such as HOMO-LUMO energy, ionization energy, dipole moment, chemical softness, and chemical hardness, supported an understanding of the relative efficiency and reactivity of ZrO2-ZnO and SWAC/ZrO2-ZnO towards chlorpyrifos degradation.

Disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer

Tauheed Hasan,Reetika Arora,Aniket Kumar Bansal,Reshmee Bhattacharya,Gurumayum Suraj Sharma,Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh 생화학분자생물학회 2019 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.51 No.-

Hyperhomocysteinemia/Homocysteinuria is characterized by an increased level of toxic homocysteine in the plasma. The plasma concentration of homocysteine is 5–15 μmol/L in healthy individuals, while in hyperhomocysteinemic patients, it can be as high as 500 μmol/L. While increased homocysteine levels can cause symptoms such as osteoporosis and eye lens dislocation, high homocysteine levels are most closely associated with cardiovascular complications. Recent advances have shown that increased plasma Hcy is also a fundamental cause of neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia), diabetes, Down syndrome, and megaloblastic anemia, among others. In recent years, increased plasma homocysteine has also been shown to be closely related to cancer. In this review, we discuss the relation between elevated plasma Hcy levels and cancer, and we conclude that disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer. Future clinical perspectives are also discussed.

Optimization of medium components using orthogonal arrays for γ-Linolenic acid production by Spirulina platensis

Srinivasa Reddy Ronda,Pavani Lakhsmi Chandrika Parupudi,Sandeep Vemula,Santhosh Tumma,Mahendran Botlagunta,Vijaya Saradhi Settaluri,Smita Lele,Suraj Sharma,Chari Kandala 한국화학공학회 2014 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.31 No.10

This work describes the medium optimization of γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) production by Spirulina platensisusing one-factor and orthogonal array design methods. In the one-factor experiments, NaHCO3 (9 mg L−1), NaNO3(13.5 mg L−1) and MgSO4·7H2O (11.85 mg L−1) proved to be the best components for GLA production. The optimalpH for GLA production by the alga was 9.2. Based on the delta values, NaHCO3 showed the greatest effect on the GLAproduction of the various factors tested, followed in decreasing order by MgSO4·7H2O, NaNO3 and K2SO4. The max-imum GLA yield obtained was 19.2 mgL−1in the presence of optimum concentrations of NaHCO3 (20 g L−1), NaNO3(3 g L−1), MgSO4·7H2O (0.5 g L−1) and K2SO4 (1.5 g L−1). Because of the slow growth rate of the algae, the practiceof robust orthogonal array methods during the optimization of medium components can result in the production of anoptimal biomass and a higher GLA yield for nutraceutical applications.