Influences of Cultural Medium Component on the Production of Poly($\gamma$-glutamic acid) by Bacillus sp. RKY3

Jung Duk-Yeon,Jung Sunok,Yun Jong-Sun,Kim Jin-Nam,Wee Young-Jung,Jang Hong-Gi,Ryu Hwa-Won The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2005 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.10 No.4

In this study, the cultural medium used for the efficient production of $\gamma$-PGA with a newly isolated Bacillus sp. RKY3 was optimized. It was necessary to supplement the culture medium with L-glutamic acid and an additional carbon source in order to induce the effective production of $\gamma$-PGA. The amount of $\gamma$-PGA increased with the addition of L-glutamic acid to the medium. The addition of 90 g/L L-glutamic acid to the medium resulted in the maximal yield of $\gamma$-PGA (83.2 g/L). The optimum nitrogen source was determined to be peptone, but corn steep liquor, a cheap nutrient, was also found to be effective for $\gamma$-PGA production. Both the $\gamma$-PGA production and cell growth increased rapidly with the addition of small amounts of $K_2HPO_4$ and $MgSO_4\cdot7H_{2}O$. Bacillus sp. RKY3 appears to require $Mg^{2+}$, rather than $Mn^{2+}$, for $\gamma$-PGA production, which is distinct from the production protocols associated with other, previously reported bacteria. Bacillus sp. RKY3 may also have contributed some minor $\gamma$-PGA depolymerase activity, resulting in the reduction of the molecular weight of the produced $\gamma$-PGA at the end of fermentation.

한국 여성패션모델 이미지의 외연화(外延化)

정선옥(Jung, SunOk) 한국모델콘텐츠학회 2021 한국모델콘텐츠학회지 Vol.2 No.1

이 연구는 해외 브랜드, 해외컬렉션에서 활동하는 국내 여성패션모델의 면면을 알아보고, 그 여성패션모델의 이 미지를 분석하여 국외 패션계 현장에서 요구하는 국내 여성패션모델의 이미지를 실증적으로 제시하는데 목적이 있 다. 자료는 2009년부터 2015년까지 해외컬렉션과 해외브랜드 광고, 국내 패션전문사이트를 대상으로 하였다. 자료 분석은 선행자료, 전문가회의, 연구자 참여로 이루어진 삼각검증법(triangulation)과 이후 동료 검증(peer debriefing), 재차 검증(test-retest)을 실시 하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우아하고 분위기가 있는 단아함 (elegance), 둘째, 서양인 눈에 신비한 이미지로 비춰지는 신비함(mystery), 셋째, gender의 모호함과 새로운 모 델상 발견으로 인한 희귀함(rarity), 넷째, 미래주의에 어울리는 사이버틱함(cybertic)이 있었다. 이러한 결과는 해 외에서 요구되는 동양 패션모델 이미지는 기존 서양 패션모델 이미지와는 다름을 알 수 있었고, 해외진출을 모색하 는 국내 여성패션모델 또는 기획사에 차별화된 이미지 마케팅을 위한 기초 자료로서 의미가 있다 This research identifies various aspects of Korean female fashion models involved in overseas brands and collections and then has an attempt to analyze and present their image empirically. Research materials include overseas collections, overseas brand advertisements, and Korean fashion websites from 2009 to 2015. For data analysis, triangulation consisting of previous research, expert meetings, and researchers' participation was conducted. After that, peer debriefing and test- retest were conducted. The results of this research are as follows. Korean female fashion models are characterized by First, the elegance with graceful atmosphere, the mystery of the image from the Westerner's views, third, the ambiguity of gender and the rarity for discovering a new model, and fourth, the cyber atmosphere that fits with futurism. These results show that the image of an Asian fashion model required overseas is different from the image of an existing Western fashion model. These results also meaningfully serve as basic marketing data for differentiated image marketing for Korean women's fashion models and agencies that seek to advance abroad.

디지털 신호 분석 기법을 이용한 다양한 번호판 추출 방법

양선옥(Sunok Yang),전영민(Youngmin Jun),정지상(Jisang Jung),류상환(Sanghwan Ryu) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.45 No.3

번호판 인식 작업은 번호판 영역분할, 개별문자 추출, 문자인식의 세 단계를 거쳐 이루어진다. 이 가운데 번호판 영역분할은 번호판 인식의 가장 핵심이 되는 부분이면서 또한 처리 시간이 가장 많이 소요되는 부분이다. 본 논문은 다양한 도로 주변 환경을 고려해야하는 불법주정차 무인단속 현장으로부터 획득된 차량영상을 대상으로 번호판 영역을 효과적으로 추출하는 방법에 관해 기술한다. 접근방법은 번호판 영역의 가로 명암 값 변화의 특성을 이용하여 번호판 영역에서 문자 폭, 배경영역과 문자 영역의 명암차를 조사하여 문자 영역임을 확인하고, 문자와 문자 사이의 거리를 조사하여 번호판 영역을 확인한다. 또한 번호판 영역 추출 과정에서 배경영역과 문자 영역의 명암차를 이용하여 번호판의 종류를 구분한다. 본 연구는 새로운 유럽형 번호판을 포함한 국내 번호판에 대하여 번호판 테두리 훼손에 따른 번호판 영역 추출 실패의 문제점을 해결하고 시간 소요의 문제를 실시간으로 처리함으로서 실용적 응용이 가능하도록 하였다. Detection of a number plate consists of three stages; division of a number plate, extraction of each character from the plate, recognition of the characters. Among of these three states, division stage of a number plate is the most important part and also the most time-consuming state. This paper suggests an effective region extraction method of a number plate for various images obtained from unmanned inspection systems of illegal parking violation, especially when we have to consider the diverse surrounding environments of roads. Our approaching method detects each region by investigating the characteristics in changes of brightness and intensity between the background part and character part, and the characteristics on character parts such as the sizes, heights, widths, and distance in between two characters. The method also divides a number plate into different types of the plate. This research can solve the number plate region detection failure problems caused by plate edge damages not only for Korean domestic number plates but also for new European style number plates. The method also reduces the time consumption by processing the detection in real-time, therefore, it can be used as a practical solution.

Genome-wide analysis of root hair-preferential genes in rice

Moon, Sunok,Chandran, Anil Kumar Nalini,An, Gynheung,Lee, Chanhui,Jung, Ki-Hong Springer US 2018 Rice Vol.11 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Root hairs are valuable in taking up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere and serving as sites of interactions with soil microorganisms. By increasing the external surface area of the roots or interacting with rhizobacteria, root hairs directly and indirectly promote plant growth and yield. Transcriptome data can be used to understand root-hair development in rice.</P><P><B>Result</B></P><P>We performed Agilent 44 K microarray experiments with enriched root-hair samples and identified 409 root hair-preferential genes in rice. The expression patterns of six genes were confirmed using a <I>GUS</I> reporter system and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis demonstrated that 13 GO terms, including oxygen transport and cell wall generation, were highly over-represented in those genes. Although comparative analysis between rice and <I>Arabidopsis</I> revealed a large proportion of orthologous pairs, their spatial expression patterns were not conserved. To investigate the molecular network associated with root hair-preferential genes in rice, we analyzed the PPI network as well as coexpression data. Subsequently, we developed a refined network consisting of 24 interactions between 10 genes and 18 of their interactors.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Identification of root hair-preferential genes and in depth analysis of those genes will be a useful reference to accelerate the understanding of root-hair development in rice.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-018-0241-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>

Rice RHC Encoding a Putative Cellulase is Essential for Normal Root Hair Elongation

Moon, Sunok,Chandran, Anil Kumar Nalini,Kim, Yu-Jin,Gho, Yunshil,Hong, Woo-Jong,An, Gynheung,Lee, Chanhui,Jung, Ki-Hong Botanical Society of Korea 2019 Journal of plant biology Vol.62 No.1

퍼소나 기법을 이용한 도시재생뉴딜사업의 주민역량강화교육프로그램 개발

정의태(Jung, Euitay),표해윤(Pyo, Haeyun),조순옥(Jo, Sunok) 인제대학교 디자인연구소 2021 Journal of Integrated Design Research (JIDR) Vol.20 No.3

연구배경 도시재생뉴딜사업은 도시의 인프라, 환경, 공간 등을 개선하는 하드웨어 사업과 전반적인 지역 역량 강화를 위한 소프트웨어 사업으로 구성된다. 가시적인 성과물을 보여줄 수 있는 하드웨어 사업은 기획단계에서부터 비교적 구체적인 안을 가지고 접근할 수 있는 반면, 소프트웨어 사업은 시간과 예산의 부족, 주민 요구 측정 및 반영의 어려움 등의 원인으로 관 주도(top-down) 방식으로 설계된다. 지역주도(bottom-up)로 프로그램을 개발하기 위해서는 주민의 의견 수집을 위한 많은 리소스 투입이 필요하지만 한정된 시간 안에 효과를 달성하기 위하여 계획단계에 많은 자원을 투입하긴 어렵다. 연구방법 본 연구는 실제 도시재생뉴딜사업 대상지의 제안서에 설계된 주민역량강화사업을 분석하고, 문제점을 파악한 후 그 프로그램을 실제 현장에 적용하기 위한 구체적 방안을 마련하는 것에 초점을 맞추었다. 이를 위해 대상지의 대내외 환경, 통계 지표, 주민의 요구 조사 결과를 종합하여 세 명의 퍼소나를 개발하여 프로그램을 구체화하였다. 연구결과 개발된 주민, 상인, 청년을 대표하는 세 캐릭터를 대입하여 기존 활성화 계획서 상에 기획된 프로그램을 검증하고 구체화하였다. 이를 통해 주민 역량강화 소프트웨어 프로그램의 구성 측면, 프로그램의 운영 측면, 그리고 프로그램의 서비스 전반적인 측면으로 나누어 빠르고 효율적으로 미진했던 점을 찾고 개선점을 도출할 수 있었다. 결론 우리나라의 400여 곳이 넘는 지역에서 많은 재원이 투입되어 도시재생뉴딜사업이 진행되고 있다. 이 사업의 성공에는 하드웨어의 개선과 함께 소프트웨어 개선으로 인한 지속가능성 확보도 매우 큰 역할을 한다. 주민들 요구를 전부 파악하여 이러한 역량강화 소프트웨어 프로그램을 개발할 수 있다면 가장 이상적이다. 하지만, 본 연구에서는 지역의 여러 데이터를 수집하여 제작한 퍼소나의 사용도 효율적인 대안이 될 수 있다는 것을 실증하였다. Background The Urban Regeneration New Deal project consists of a hardware business that improves urban infrastructure, environment or space, and a software business that enhances overall regional capabilities. The hardware business, which can show tangible results, can be approached with a relatively specific plan from an early stage. However, the software project is designed in a top-down manner due to the lack of time and budget, and difficulties in measuring and reflecting the needs of residents. In order to develop a bottom-up program, it is necessary to invest resources to collect the opinions of residents. However, it is difficult to put a lot of resources into the planning stage to achieve a result within a limited time. Methods This study focused on analyzing the residents’ capacity strengthening project designed in the proposal of the urban regeneration project, identifying the problems, and preparing a specific plan to apply the program. The program was put into effect by developing three personas by analyzing and synthesizing the internal and external environment of the target site, statistical data, and the survey results of residents" needs. Result Using the developed personas, representing residents, merchants, and young people, the program included in the existing activation plan was verified and specified. The aspects that needed to be considered in the development of the residents" capacity building software program were revealed. In addition, the program operation method to increase residents" satisfaction was suggested. Conclusion A large amount of financial resources are invested in more than 400 regions in Korea to carry out the Urban Regeneration New Deal project. In addition to hardware improvement, securing sustainability through software improvement plays a very important role in the success of this business. Ideally, such a software program could be developed by collecting all the residents" needs. However, in this study, it was demonstrated that the use of persona produced by collecting various regional data can be an effective alternative.

Identification of Active Transposon dTok, a Member of the hAT Family, in Rice

Moon, Sunok,Jung, Ki-Hong,Lee, Do-eun,Jiang, Wen-Zhu,Koh, Hee Jong,Heu, Mun-Hue,Lee, Dong Sun,Suh, Hak Soo,An, Gynheung Oxford University Press 2006 Plant & cell physiology Vol.47 No.11

<P>Recent completion of the sequencing of the rice genome has revealed that it contains >40% repetitive sequences, most of which are related to inactive transposable elements. During the molecular analysis of the <I>floral organ number1/multiple pistil 2</I> (<I>fon1/mp2</I>) mutant, we identified an active transposable element <I>dTok0</I> that was inserted at the kinase domain of <I>FON1</I>, a homolog of <I>CLAVATA1</I>. Insertion of the element into <I>FON1</I> generated an 8 bp duplication of its target sites, which is one of the major characteristics of the <I>hAT</I> family of transposons. The <I>dTok0</I> element was actively transposed out of the <I>FON1</I> gene, leaving 5–8 bp footprints. Reinsertion into a new location was observed at a low frequency. Analysis of the genome sequence showed that the rice cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ contains 25 copies of <I>dTok</I> elements; similar numbers were present in all the <I>Oryza</I> species examined. Because <I>dTok0</I> does not encode a transposase, enzyme activity should be provided in trans. We identified a putative autonomous transposon, <I>Tok1</I> that contains an intact open reading frame of the <I>Ac</I>-like transposase.</P>

The rice FON1 gene controls vegetative and reproductive development by regulating shoot apical meristem size.

Moon, Sunok,Jung, Ki-Hong,Lee, Do-Eun,Lee, Dong-Yeon,Lee, Jinwon,An, Kyungsook,Kang, Hong-Gyu,An, Gynheung Korean Society for Molecular Biology 2006 Molecules and cells Vol.21 No.1

<P>Most plant organs develop from meristems. Rice FON1, which is an ortholog of Clv1, regulates stem cell proliferation and organ initiation. The point muta-tions, fon1-1 and fon1-2, disrupt meristem balance, resulting in alteration of floral organ numbers and the architecture of primary rachis branches. In this study, we identified two knockout alleles, fon1-3 and fon1-4, generated by T-DNA and Tos17 insertion, respectively. Unlike the previously isolated point mutants, the null mutants have alterations not only of the reproductive organs but also of vegetative tissues, producing fewer tillers and secondary rachis branches. The mutant plants are semi-dwarfs due to delayed leaf emergence, and leaf senescence is delayed. SEM analysis showed that the shoot apical meristems of fon1-3 mutants are enlarged. These results indicate that FON1 controls vegetative as well as reproductive development by regulating meristem size.</P>

Integrated omics analysis of root-preferred genes across diverse rice varieties including Japonica and indica cultivars

Moon, Sunok,Chandran, Anil Kumar Nalini,Gho, Yun-Shil,Park, Sun-A,Kim, Sung-Ryul,Yoo, Yo-Han,Jung, Ki-Hong G. Fischer 2018 Journal of plant physiology Vol. No.

<P>Plant root systems play essential roles in developmental processes, such as the absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, and structural support. Gene expression is affected by growth conditions and the genetic background of plants. To identify highly conserved root-preferred genes in rice across diverse growth conditions and varieties, we used two independent meta-anatomical expression profiles based on a large collection of Affymetrix and Agilent 44 K microarray data sets available for public use. We then identified 684 loci with root-preferred expression, which were validated with in silico analysis using both meta-expression profiles. The expression patterns of four candidate genes were confirmed in vivo by monitoring expression of beta-glucuronidase under control of the candidate-gene promoters, providing new tools to manipulate agronomic traits associated with roots. We also utilized real-time PCR to examine the root-preferential expression of 14 genes across four rice varieties, including japonica and indica cultivars. Using a database of rice genes with known functions, we identified the reported functions of 39 out of the 684 candidate genes. Sixteen genes are directly involved in root development, while the remaining are involved in processes indirectly related to root development (i.e., soil-stress tolerance or growth retardation). This indicates the importance of our candidate genes for studies on root development and function. Gene ontology enrichment analysis in the 'biological processes' category revealed that root-preferred genes in rice are closely associated with nutrient transport-related genes, indicating that the primary role of roots is the uptake of nutrients from soil. In addition, predicted protein-protein interaction analysis suggested a molecular network for root development composed of 215 interactions associated with 44 root-preferred or root development-related genes. Taken together, our data provide an important foundation for future research on root development in rice.</P>

Genome-wide analyses of late pollen-preferred genes conserved in various rice cultivars and functional identification of a gene involved in the key processes of late pollen development

Moon, Sunok,Oo, Moe Moe,Kim, Backki,Koh, Hee-Jong,Oh, Sung Aeong,Yi, Gihwan,An, Gynheung,Park, Soon Ki,Jung, Ki-Hong Springer US 2018 Rice Vol.11 No.-

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Understanding late pollen development, including the maturation and pollination process, is a key component in maintaining crop yields. Transcriptome data obtained through microarray or RNA-seq technologies can provide useful insight into those developmental processes. Six series of microarray data from a public transcriptome database, the Gene Expression Omnibus of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, are related to anther and pollen development.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>We performed a systematic and functional study across the rice genome of genes that are preferentially expressed in the late stages of pollen development, including maturation and germination. By comparing the transcriptomes of sporophytes and male gametes over time, we identified 627 late pollen-preferred genes that are conserved among japonica and indica rice cultivars. Functional classification analysis with a MapMan tool kit revealed a significant association between cell wall organization/metabolism and mature pollen grains. Comparative analysis of rice and <I>Arabidopsis</I> demonstrated that genes involved in cell wall modifications and the metabolism of major carbohydrates are unique to rice. We used the <I>GUS</I> reporter system to monitor the expression of eight of those genes. In addition, we evaluated the significance of our candidate genes, using T-DNA insertional mutant population and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mutants from T-DNA insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 systems of a rice gene encoding glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase are defective in their male gamete transfer.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Through the global analyses of the late pollen-preferred genes from rice, we found several biological features of these genes. First, biological process related to cell wall organization and modification is over-represented in these genes to support rapid tube growth. Second, comparative analysis of late pollen preferred genes between rice and <I>Arabidopsis</I> provide a significant insight on the evolutional disparateness in cell wall biogenesis and storage reserves of pollen. In addition, these candidates might be useful targets for future examinations of late pollen development, and will be a valuable resource for accelerating the understanding of molecular mechanisms for pollen maturation and germination processes in rice.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-018-0219-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>