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Residual analysis of veterinary drugs in bovine and equine muscle by targeted sampling plan in 2022
Sunjin Park(Sunjin Park),Chung-Oui Hong(Chung-Oui Hong),Se-Hyung Kim(Se-Hyung Kim),Jihye Kim(Jihye Kim),Inhae Jeon(Inhae Jeon),Seon-Young Lee(Seon-Young Lee),Moon Her(Moon Her),Sung-Won Park(Sung-Won 한국예방수의학회 2023 예방수의학회지 Vol.47 No.2
The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency conducts a targeted sampling plan and analysis for veterinary drugs within the country every year. Target compounds included tetrachlorvinphos as an organophosphate, diminazene as an anti-infective medication, ketoprofen as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, triclabendazole and clorsulon as flukicides in 2022. These compounds were not included in National Residues Program (NRP), despite their high sales ranking. A total of 94 bovine muscle samples and 20 equine muscle samples were collected from various locations across the country. The analysis of target compounds in muscle was performed using LC-MS/MS coupled with Food code 8.3.1 revised in 2022. A 2 g sample of muscle tissue was extracted using a water: acetonitrile (1:4, v/v) solution, then cleaned up with C18 and hexane saturated with acetonitrile. Compounds were separated with C18 column and mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). All analytes exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.992. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of these compounds ranged from 0.21 to 2.79 μg/kg except for diminazene (3.85~6.86 μg/kg). The average recoveries of these analytes were 89.45~129.13% in muscle at spiked level of 10 or 20 μg/kg. Relative standard deviations (%) (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 20% for all target compounds, except for diminazene and triclabendazole, whose intra-day RSD % was slightly higher than 20% in equine muscle. Testing confirmed that all 94 bovine and 20 equine muscle samples from 9 provinces were free from residues of veterinary drugs. Monitoring of compounds not included in the NRP should continue to ensure consumer health and food safety.
A Genome-wide Scan for Selective Sweeps in Racing Horses
Moon, Sunjin,Lee, Jin Woo,Shin, Donghyun,Shin, Kwang-Yun,Kim, Jun,Choi, Ik-Young,Kim, Jaemin,Kim, Heebal Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.11
Using next-generation sequencing, we conducted a genome-wide scan of selective sweeps associated with selection toward genetic improvement in Thoroughbreds. We investigated potential phenotypic consequence of putative candidate loci by candidate gene association mapping for the finishing time in 240 Thoroughbred horses. We found a significant association with the trait for Ral GApase alpha 2 (RALGAP2) that regulates a variety of cellular processes of signal trafficking. Neighboring genes around RALGAP2 included insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1), pallid (PLDN), and Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2) genes have similar roles in signal trafficking, suggesting that a co-evolving gene cluster located on the chromosome 22 is under strong artificial selection in racehorses.
Sunjin Park,Chung-Oui Hong,Hyobi Kim,Yu-Jung Kim,Seon-Young Lee,Inhae Jeon,Moon Her,Kwang-jick Lee 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections and affects human health because of antibiotic resistance problems. It is very important to monitor residues repeatedly in muscle for food safety and find suitable fluids monitored instead of muscle before slaughter. Tissue distribution of benzylpenicillin was studied in pigs after triple intramuscular injection at 20mg/kg body weight with two days interval. The three kinds of samples as plasma, muscle at non-injection and injection site was collected from six pigs at various times after recommended and another 3 times the recommended dose administration. Benzylpenicillin concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer following adequate pretreatment for various samples. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.22 ng/mL for plasma and 0.16ng/g for muscle. A noncompartmental method was used to analyze plasma kinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma after recommended dose administration were: Tmax, 0.67 h; Cmax, 2.246?g/mL; AUCall, 11.398 h·?g·mL-1; t1/2, 14.6 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma after three times the recommendation dose were: Tmax, 1.00 h; Cmax, 5.763?g/mL; AUCall, 27.347 h·?g·mL-1 ; t1/2, 40.7 h. Benzylpenicillin of plasma was detected in 10 ~ 20 days around LOQ after first injection. Benzylpenicillin in muscle at non-injection site was eliminated fast under MRL (50ppb) before 5days regardless of dose. But it remained around LOQ till 50days in muscle at non-injection site. In case of muscle at injection site, benzylpenicillin remained continuously under MRL (50ppb) till 35days and 50days in recommended dose and 3 times the recommended dose, respectively. Therefore, the results of this study showed that monitoring residues in plasma was not appropriate to guess residues concentration in muscle. We will find continuously another fluid which is a good matrix for determining the presence of benzylpenicillin in pigs without killing them.
Targeted sampling analysis of nitroimidazoles in horse meats
Sunjin Park,Chung-Oui Hong,Hyobi Kim,Seon-Young Lee,Inhae Jeon,Yu-Jung Kim,Pil-Hee Kwak,Moon Her,Kwang-jick Lee 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
The nitroimidazoles such as dimetridazole, metronidazole, ronidazole and ipronidazole were once widely used in the treatment of parasite infestations in poultry, cattle, swine and fish until these were suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. These have been banned from use in food producing animals since 2006 in Korea. Any residue of these compounds found in food producing animals has to be considered as a violation of the regulations. The 51 horse muscle samples were gathered by targeted sampling plan & analysis of Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) at different horse farms in Jeju-do. The analysis of nitroimidazoles in horse muscle was performed using LC-MS/MS. The 1g of horse muscle was extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with hexane. The separation of compounds was conducted using Waters XBridge C18 (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) column at 40 ℃ with 0.2 mL/min flow rate. Mobile phase A and B were composed of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid, respectively. LCMS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring was optimized for metronidazole, dimetridazole and their metabolites. The correlation coefficients (R2) for the calibration curves in the matrix were over 0.999 for nitroimidazoles and their metabolites. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.05 ~ 0.24ppb and 0.15 ~ 0.74 ppb, respectively. The average recoveries were 103.5% at spiked level of 10 μg/kg. Relative standard deviations (%) were under 7.63% on intra-day and 7.39% on inter-day, respectively. As a result of validated analysis, dimetridazole, metronidazole and their metabolites were not detected in any samples. According to the targeted sampling plan & analysis conducted in 2020, it was confirmed the 51 horse muscle samples in Jeju-do were free from contamination and the domestic horse meat is very hygienic without resides of nitroimidazoles. Continuous monitoring must be performed to ensure food safety for consumer’s health.