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Kim, Sunmi,Park, Jeongim,Kim, Hai-Joong,Lee, Jeong Jae,Choi, Gyuyeon,Choi, Sooran,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Su Young,Lee, Duk Hee,Moon, Hyo-Bang,Kim, Sungkyoon,Choi, Kyungho American Chemical Society 2015 Environmental science & technology Vol.49 No.13
<P>Exposure to several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been linked to alteration of lipid metabolism. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are hormones that play roles in lipid metabolism, and have been suggested as markers of health effects that may lead to obesity. To date, only serum adipokines have been associated with POPs exposure. In the present study, for the first time, the associations between leptin and adiponectin in breast milk, and several POPs in serum were investigated among 82 lactating Korean women between 25 and 46 years of age. Breast milk adipokines are important because adipokine intake of infant through breastfeeding may influence the growth of infants. The median concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in skimmed milk of the Korean lactating women were 17.9 ng/L and 16.5 μg/L, respectively. Leptin concentrations in breast milk were negatively associated with ∑hexachlorohexane (HCH), oxychlordane, ∑chlordane, or 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB 153) levels in maternal serum. Linear relationships between adiponectin and POPs concentrations were not observed, however, nonmonotonic relationship which showed generally positive associations was suggested for <I>p</I>,<I>p</I>′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and ∑chlordane in quartile analysis. Our observations show that POPs at the current level of exposure may be associated with the alteration of lipid metabolism among lactating women. Implication of adipokine transfer to breastfed infants is of concern and deserves further investigation.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2015/esthag.2015.49.issue-13/acs.est.5b00520/production/images/medium/es-2015-00520t_0003.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es5b00520'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Lee, Sunggyu,Kim, Sunmi,Park, Jeongim,Kim, Hai-Joong,Choi, Gyuyeon,Choi, Sooran,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Su Young,Kim, Sungkyoon,Choi, Kyungho,Moon, Hyo-Bang Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.612 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Breastfeeding is an important exposure pathway to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for newborn infants. Nevertheless, reports are limited on the occurrence and time-course of PFASs in breast milk, and most studies have focused on the analysis of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In this study, 16 PFASs were analyzed in breast milk samples (<I>n</I> =293) collected from 128 mothers in Korea during various lactation periods to assess maternal exposure levels, contamination profiles, time-course variations, and infant health risks. The total concentrations of PFASs (ΣPFAS) ranged from 31.7 to 1004 (median: 188) ng/L, which was within the ranges recently reported for Asian and European populations. After a month of nursing, the concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and ΣPFAS significantly increased. This could be due to changes in the dietary and behavior patterns of the mothers after the first month of lactation. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were significantly correlated with maternal age, body mass index, and parity. Certain types of diet (e.g. consuming snacks and milk) and eating-out frequency were significantly associated with increasing levels of PFAS. Significant correlations and similar time-course trends were found between PFASs and PCBs/DDTs, implying similar exposure sources and biokinetics for these contaminants. The estimated daily intakes of PFOS and PFOA via the consumption of breast milk were below the tolerable daily intakes for infants suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PFOS, PFOA, PFUnDA, and PFNA were the predominant compounds in breast milk. </LI> <LI> Concentrations of PFASs were significantly correlated with maternal age, BMI, and parity. </LI> <LI> Increased levels of PFASs were found in breast milk after the first month of nursing. </LI> <LI> Snack consumption and frequency of eating-out were significantly associated with increased PFAS levels. </LI> <LI> The infant exposure levels of PFOS and PFOA via breast milk were lower than the TDI. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Choi, Sooran,Kim, Hai-joong,Kim, Sunmi,Choi, Gyuyeon,Kim, Sungjoo,Park, Jeongim,Shim, Soon-sup,Lee, Inae,Kim, Sungkyoon,Moon, Hyo-Bang,Choi, Kyungho,Lee, Jeong Jae,Kim, Su Young Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.618 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Despite the global ban, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been a persistent and significant environmental health issue worldwide. Prenatal exposure to these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been identified as a major route of exposure among developing fetuses and newborn infants. Among Children's Health and Environmental Health of Korea (CHECK) cohort population, pregnant females (<I>n</I> =148) and their matching newborn infants (<I>n</I> =117) recruited from four cities of Korea in 2011 were investigated. The blood serum and cord blood serum were sampled at delivery, and measured for 19 OCPs and 19 PCBs. In addition, a questionnaire regarding demographic characteristics, and dietary habits were conducted. The most frequently detected POPs in both maternal blood and cord blood were <I>p,p</I>′-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) (99% detection in maternal, and 98% in cord blood serum) and PCB153 (95% in maternal, 74% in cord blood serum). The levels of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) in both maternal (average 82.5ng/g lw) and cord blood serum (average 77.5ng/g lw) were comparable to or greater than those reported in Japan about a decade ago. Approximately two thirds of the pregnant women and newborn infants showed the <I>p,p</I>′-DDE concentrations exceeding the biological equivalent (BE) corresponding to 10<SUP>−6</SUP> excess cancer risk. In addition, less chlorinated PCBs were detected higher in both maternal and cord serum. Less chlorinated PCBs also showed greater transplacental ratio. Dairy consumption among the subjects was positively associated, and tea consumption was negatively associated with serum levels of several POPs. Our results show that the exposure to legacy POPs, especially DDTs, among pregnant women and newborn infants is still prevailing, thus warrants measures for exposure mitigation among these vulnerable populations.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> OCPs and PCBs were measured in serum of Korean mothers and their matching newborns. </LI> <LI> Levels of most OCPs in maternal and cord serum are correlated. </LI> <LI> Less chlorinated PCBs are detected higher in cord serum than maternal serum. </LI> <LI> DDTs are of potential health concern, with 67% of subjects potentially at risk. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Jeong, Yunsun,Lee, Sunggyu,Kim, Sunmi,Park, Jeongim,Kim, Hai-Joong,Choi, Gyuyeon,Choi, Sooran,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Su Young,Kim, Sungkyoon,Choi, Kyungho,Moon, Hyo-Bang Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.612 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The placenta is a crucial organ for the supply of oxygen and nutritional elements from mother to fetus. Several studies have reported evidence of the placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Despite the importance of prenatal exposure to POPs, the transport process of POPs via the human placenta is not well understood. To investigate the transport processes of these contaminants and to assess the feasibility of the placenta as a non-invasive biological matrix, we measured 19 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placenta tissues. The total concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs in placental tissues ranged from 0.36 to 75.2 (median: 5.85) ng/g lipid wt, 1.37 to 250 (63.5) ng/g lipid wt, and 1.21 to 427 (11.7) ng/g lipid wt, respectively. The BDE 209 concentrations were higher than those reported in previous studies presumably because of the high consumption of deca-BDE technical mixtures in Korea. The concentrations of all of the POPs in placental tissues correlated significantly with each other, but BDE 209 concentration did not correlate with that of any other contaminants possibly because of different exposure sources and kinetics. Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were contributors to the accumulation of several POPs in the placenta. Partitioning ratios between maternal blood–placenta–cord blood showed that lower molecular-weight and hydrophobic POPs were preferentially transported from maternal blood to the placenta and that higher molecular-weight and hydrophobic contaminants tended to remain in placental tissues. Regression analysis showed significant relationships between the POP concentrations in multiple biological matrices such as maternal blood, placenta, cord blood, and meconium. These relationships suggest that the placenta can be used as a non-invasive matrix for biomonitoring prenatal exposure to several POPs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs were measured in 108 placental tissues from the Korean women. </LI> <LI> Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were related to placental POP levels. </LI> <LI> Molecular weight and liposolubility influenced POP transport via the human placenta. </LI> <LI> The placenta may be a non-invasive matrix for biomonitoring of prenatal POP exposure. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Shin, Mi-Yeon,Kim, Sunmi,Lee, Sunggyu,Kim, Hai-Joong,Lee, Jeong Jae,Choi, Gyuyeon,Choi, Sooran,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Su Young,Park, Jeongim,Moon, Hyo-Bang,Choi, Kyungho,Kim, Sungkyoon Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.616 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Many scientists made estimates of the body burden of PBDEs from breastmilk and house dust. Interestingly, they have not included the prenatal contribution to the body burden in young children after birth. In order to address how the prenatal contribution is important in the risk assessment of PBDEs in infants up to five years old, we used the median measurements of BDE-47 as a model chemical in 108 neonates in Korea, and made simulations of its disposition out of body from birth to five years. During the simulation periods, the environmental exposure was considered for house dust, babyfood, breastmilk consumption, etc., with assumption of typical exposure scenario applicable to general infants in Korea. About 22% of the total amounts of BDE-47 in newborn remained up to 5years after birth. The relative amounts of BDE-47 from the prenatal source were 20%, 14%, 10%, 8%, 6%, and 4% of the total body burden for 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year after birth, respectively. The contribution from breastfeeding was 95.2% and 92.2% of the total postnatal exposure amounts at 6-month and 1-year after birth, respectively. After cease of breastfeeding at 1-yr, house dust and food were the important sources of exposure up to 5-yr; however, their contributions to the bodyburden were negligible with consideration of the remaining amounts of the analytes from the breastmilk and prenatal exposure. Suggestively, the innate amounts and pharmacokinetics should be counted in estimating bodyburden of BDE-47.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> About 22% of total BDE-47 in newborn remained up to 5years after birth. </LI> <LI> Its relative amounts were 20%, 14%, 10%, 8%, and 6% of the total body burden at 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-yr after birth. </LI> <LI> Breastmilk is the most important source of exposure to BDE-47 compared to other environmental sources after birth. </LI> <LI> Suggestively, the innate amounts and pharmacokinetics should be counted in estimating body burden of BDE-47. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Kim, Sujin,Cho, Yoon Hee,Lee, Inae,Kim, Wonji,Won, Sungho,Ku, Ja-Lok,Moon, Hyo-Bang,Park, Jeongim,Kim, Sungkyoon,Choi, Gyuyeon,Choi, Kyungho Elsevier 2018 Environment international Vol.119 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been linked to numerous adverse birth outcomes among newborn infants in many epidemiological studies. Although epigenetic modifications have been suggested as possible explanations for those associations, studies have rarely reported a relationship between POP exposure during pregnancy and DNA methylation in the placenta.</P> <P>In the present study, we investigated the association between prenatal exposure to several POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and methylation levels of long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1), as well as imprinted genes in placental DNAs among Korean mother-child pairs (N = 109). We assessed the association of DNA methylation not only with each target POP (single-POP models) but also with multiple POPs applying principal component analysis (multiple-POP models). Potential associations between placental DNA methylation and birth outcomes of newborn infants were also estimated.</P> <P>In single-POP models, significant associations were detected between OCP measurements and placental DNA methylation. Elevated concentrations of β-hexachlorhexane (β-HCH) in maternal serum collected during delivery were significantly associated with a decrease in methylation of LINE-1 in the placenta. Higher levels of <I>p</I>,<I>p</I>′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (<I>p</I>,<I>p</I>′-DDT) in maternal serum were associated with hypermethylation of <I>insulin-like growth factor 2</I> (<I>IGF2</I>). In multiple-POP models, a significant and positive association between DDTs and <I>IGF2</I> methylation was also observed. Placental LINE-1 methylation was inversely associated with birth length. Our observations indicate that prenatal exposure to several POPs including DDTs is associated with the changes in methylation of genes, including major imprinted genes in the placenta. The consequences of these epigenetic alterations in placenta during development deserve further investigation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Associations between POP exposure and placental DNA methylation were evaluated. </LI> <LI> A multi-pollutant exposure was added in the models with principal component analysis. </LI> <LI> Exposure to DDTs, including <I>p</I>,<I>p</I>′-DDT, was related to methylation of <I>IGF2</I> in the placenta. </LI> <LI> Several POPs might affect epigenetic regulation of key placental DNAs. </LI> </UL> </P>