英語의 擴大 投射 原理 效果

朴勝赫 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1994 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.65 No.1-2

According to Chomskys(1993) minimalist theory, the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) in English is not an independent principle any more, but derived from other deeper principles (or certain language-particular parameters) of the grammar. Chomsky (1993) claims that the requirement that clauses have subjects in English can be explained by assuming that the DP feature of the functional head T is strong in English. Since strong features become illegitimate objects at PF if they are not checked off prior to Spell-out, the subject DP must move out of its containing VP into the checking domain of T, where its features are checked by T. As a result of this checking operation, the strong DP feature of T is discharged and hence eliminated for convergence at PF; otherwise, the derivation crashes. In order to make his account of the EPP effect in English work, Chomsky (1993) assumes, among others : (i) T adjoins to Ages pre-Spell-out, and that (ii) the subject DP moves into the checking domain of T before Spell-out. These assumptions, however, do not seem to stand on solid grounds when we take Chomskys (1993) Principle of Greed into consideration. The purpose of this paper is thus to show that the account of the EPP effect in English presented by Chomsky (1993) within the framework of his minimalist theory is untenable in light of the concept Greed, which plays an important role in the minimalist theory, and to provide a condition on the application of Greed so that the EPP effect in English can be accounted for in a more plausible way. We specifically raise the following questions: (ⅰ) Why does T adjoin to AgrS pre-Spell-out? (ⅱ) Where does the subject DP move to? and (ⅲ) Why does the subject DP move before Spell-out? Questions (ⅰ) and (ⅱ) are solved if we adopt Chomskys (1994) suggestions that agreement can be assigned without Case. According to this suggestion, the functional head T need not adjoin to AgrS to begin with since it can check the Case feature of the DP in its specifier position without movement to AgrS; hence the problem in (ⅰ) disappears in toto. Furthermore, if the specifier position of TP exists, as suggested in Chomsky (1994) (unlike in Chomsky (1993)), and the head T can check the Case feature of the element in [Spec, TP], the subject DP need not move into [Spec, AgrSP] but into [Spec, TP] for its Case feature checking. Question (ⅲ) is one of the most serious problem in Chomskys (1993; 1994) minimalist system and hence the core of the discussions in this paper. Chomsky (1994) assumes that Greed holds in the strong form : Move raises α to a position β only if morphological properties of α itself would not otherwise be satisfied in the derivation. However, this strong Greed does not motivate the movement of the subject DP is not strong but that of the functional head T is. Therefore, the movement of the subject DP itself but to the strong nature of the DP feature of T. In an effort to provide a plausible answer to the questions in (ⅲ) , we in this respect propose the following condition on the application of Greed : Move α for the checking of the morphological features of α by β may apply without regard for Procrastinate if it satisfies the morphological requirements of β at a given point in the derivation. As a consequence of the proposal, VP-internal subjects can now move to [Spec, TP] pre-Spell-out and their Case feature is checked by T, which on its part can discharge its strong feature. This checked strong feature of T can now be stripped away by Spell-out; hence the derivation converges. The same explanation holds good for the case of the exceptional Case marking construction, where the embedded infinitival complement clause shows the same EPP effect as in ordinary tensed clauses, if we adopt Lasniks (1993) assumption that the DP feature of the infinitival T is also strong.

영어와 한국어 어법의 유사점과 차이점

김상혁 한국교통대학교 2019 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.54 No.-

The aim of this article is to explain the usage similarity and difference between Korean and English. Though in Korean they use the same word, in English when they refer to an event in terms of the time separating it from the present moment, they use the expression, ‘time phrase + AGO’, if it occurred in the past. The reference point may actually be before the present moment, and they commonly use the expressions, ‘time phrase + BEFORE + reference point. Many Korean speakers of English misuse the adverb, ‘almost’, most frequently and seriously. Many of these mistakes result from confusing the meanings of ‘most’ and ‘almost’. In English, if they are talking about a majority, they use the word, ‘MOST’. In English ‘EVEN THOUGH’ is used for conditions that really exist (FACTS), and ‘EVEN IF’ is used for conditions that do not really exist at the moment (HYPOTHETICAL, imagined, or future situations). In English a ‘STAFF’ is a GROUP OF PERSONS working under the same manager or performing the same functions and an INDIVIDUAL WORKER can be described as being, “on a staff”, ‘a member of a staff’, or ‘a staff member’.

영어 5형식 구문에서의 주어

김상혁 한국교통대학교 2015 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.50 No.-

There are many kinds of phrases that can be Subjects in English. Subjects can be realized by various classes of groups and clauses: nominal group, finite clause, non-finite clause, anticipatory it + extraposed finite or non-finite clause, prop it, presentative there + postposed NP, prepositional group, adverbial group, and adjectival group.

천식에서 관련 유전자들 사이의 상호작용과 천식에대한 영향

이준혁,박성우,장안수,박춘식 순천향대학교 의학연구소 2006 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.12 No.1

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석분과 황토를 사용한 건자재 제품 개발 연구

성찬용,류능환,윤준노,김영익,임상혁 강원대학교 부설 석재복합신소재 제품연구센터 2003 석재연 논문집 Vol.8 No.-

본 연구는 석분과 황토를 사용한 건자재 제품을 개발하기 위하여 황토의 첨가량를 5종류, 석분의 첨가량을 3종류로 하여 총 16종류의 모르타르에 대하여 단위중량, 흡수율, 압축강도, 휨강도, 동탄성계수, 초음파진동속도, 중성화 깊이에 대하여 구명하였다. 단위중량, 압축강도, 휨강도, 동탄성계수 및 초음파진동속도는 황토와 석분의 사용량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 흡수율과 중성화 깊이는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 주사전자현미경에 의한 관찰에서는 비활성황토의 사용량이 증가할수록 결정이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 황토의 사용량은 강도적인 측면에서는 결합재량의 40%까지 사용이 가능하고, 흡수율 측면에서는 10%까지 사용이 가능하며, 건자재의 사용목적에 따라 황토의 사용량을 조절하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study is to obtain the basic data for the development of construction materialproducts using stone dust and non-active Hwangto. The results of physical and mechanical properties were as follows. The unit weight, compressive and flexural strengths, dynamic modulus and ultrasonic pulse velocity are decreased with increase of the stone dust and Hwangto. The absorption ratio and neutralization depth are increased with increase of the stone dust and Hwangto. In the results of SEM analysis, the crystals are increased with increase of the non-active Hwangto. Accordingly, the Hwangto may be suitably used as a cement replacement material in the construction material products.

영어 To-부정사의 용법

김상혁 忠州大學校 2009 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.44 No.-

Some be-verbs may be used with a to-infinitive, as in The meeting is to be held tomorrow. At this time the finites of be are used with a to-infinitive to indicate an arrangement either by agreement or as the result of a request or an order. The purpose of this paper is to insist that in this case the verb be be followed by an infinitive or an infinitival phrase as the nominal part of the predicate, not as the adjectival part of it.

영어 공손 표현 : Middle School English 교재를 중심으로

김상혁 韓國交通大學校 2022 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.57 No.-

This paper shows how to teach English Politeness Expressions such as yes/no questions, changing tenses, using progressive aspects, softening expressions etc. There are many ways to express one’s opinions and intentions politely. To do this, we can use softening expressions like kind of, a bit, quite, rather etc. The most polite mode for giving friendly suggestions and advice is the questions. So many native English speakers use the form of questions to make polite suggestions. We can make suggestions and statements less directly by using past and future verb forms that suggest ‘distance’ from the immediate present reality. Progressive forms can be used in the same way. The modal verbs would, could, and might also make questions, requests and suggestions less direct. Another way of distancing suggestions from reality is to make them conditional or negative sentences.

영어에서의 보어

김상혁 忠州大學校 2010 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.45 No.-

There are many kinds of phrases that can be Complements in English. Among them Onions, C. T. (1904, 1969) insisted that Adverbs and Adverb Phrases can't be Complements. But there are many counter examples which show Adverbs or Adverb Phrases are Complements. Therefore I show that Adverbs and Adverb Phrases must be included in the Complement category.

A-結束理論과 θ-結束理論 比較考

朴勝赫 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1990 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.58 No.-

It can be claimed that Chomskys (1981; 1982; 1986a) A-binding theory is position-oriented in that it basically assumes that each and every element involved in the binding theory, be it phonetically realized or not, must occupy a position on the syntactic structure. Williams (1985;1987;1989), on the other hand, assumes that it is not the structural (syntactic) configuration that governs binding, but rather the θ-structure. Chomskys (1986a) theory can explain a wide range of binding phenomena, including the NIC effect and the anaphoric relation in the possessive construction. The weakness of Chomskys A-binding theory, however, is that it cannot successfully handle such binding phenomena as occurring in the reconstruction structure and the construction in which the implicit argument plays a crucial role. In Williamss θ-binding theory, on the other hand, it is unnecessary for the element involved in anaphora in general to be realized syntactically. As a consequence, binding effects in the construction which contains implicit arguments can be dealt with in a natural manner. Furthermore, Williamss theory sheds much light on the binding phenomenon in the reconstruction structure, which has so far been a major problem with Chomskys theory. In spite of the fact that Williamss theory provides fresh insight into the study of binding, we should point out that it cannot handle the overall binding effects in any satisfactory way. In particular, the θ-binding theory does not seem to adequately deal with the NIC effect and the anaphoric relation in the possessive construction. Although the A-binding theory and the θ-binding theory do not appear to be easily unifiable, they may, in some sense, be viewed as complementary. For the present, it seems true that Chomskys theory enjoys by far wider empirical coverage than Williamss. The latter theory is worthy of pursuing nevertheless since in some cases it provides us with explanations more natural than those of the former.

재생굵은골재를 사용한 콘크리트의 동결융해 특성

성찬용,윤준노,김영익,임상혁,정덕현 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2003 농업과학연구 Vol.30 No.2

이 연구는 플라이 애시를 결합재 중량의 20%, 재생굵은골재를 천연쇄석굵은 골재의 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%를 치환하여 압축강도와 동결융해 특성을 구명하였으며, 이 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 재령 28일의 압축강도는 모든 배합비와 W/B 35%에서 400㎏f/㎠이상으로 나타나 고강도콘크리트에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 2. 중량감소율은 동결융해 300사이클에서 1%미만으로 나타났고, 표면박리와 같은 현상은 나타나지 않았으며, 재생골재의 대체율이 증가할수록 감소율은 증가하였다. 3. 초음파진동속도는 동결융해 300사이클에서 19~24%정도의 감소율을 나타내었으며, 재생골재의 대체율이 증가할수록 감소율은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 4. 상대동탄성계슈는 재생골재의 대체율에 따라 60~72%의 범위로 나타내었으며, 재생골재 대체율이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 5. 내구성지수는 모든 배합에서 60이상을 나타내었으나, 재생골재 대체율이 100%일때는 급격히 떨어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 6. 재생굵은골재를 사용한 콘크리트의 압축강도, 중량감소율, 초음파진동속도, 상대동탄성계수, 내구성지수 시험결과를 볼 때, 시험에 사용한 재생굵은 골재는 고강도콘크리트에 사용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. This study was performed to examine the freezing and thawing properties of the high strength concrete using recycled coarse aggregate. The recycled coarse aggregate was replaced by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of natural crushed aggregate. The compressive strength of the concrete used recycled coarse aggregate was shown in more than 400kgf/㎤ at the curing age 28 days. The weight loss ratio by freezing and thawing was shown in less than 1% at all mix type. The pulse velocity and relative dynamic modulus were decreased with increasing the freezing and thawing cycles. Also, durability factor for the freezing and thawing were decreased with increasing the content of recycled coarse aggregate. But, recycled concrete replaced with recycled coarse aggregate 100% was shown in more than 60 by durability factor in freezing and thawing of 300cycles Accordingly, these recycled coarse aggregate can be used for high strength concrete.