Microwave-assisted drying of Prasakanphlu herbal granules and formulation development of Prasakanphlu tablets: Design of Experiments approach

Jirapornchai Suksaeree,Chaowalit Monton,Laksana Charoenchai,Natawat Chankana 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2023 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.23 No.4

This work aimed to apply the Design of Experiments (DOE) approach in microwave-assisted drying of Prasakanphlu (PSKP) herbal granules. Furthermore, DOE was applied in the formulation development of PSKP tablets. The 32 full factorial design consisted of two factors (i.e., microwave power and microwave time) and two responses (i.e., moisture content and eugenol content) that were used for optimized microwave-assisted drying of PSKP granules. The optimal condition was microwave power of 300 W for 15 min. This condition was used to dry the wet granules of PSKP for optimization of tablet formulation. The Box–Behnken design was applied in the formulation development of PSKP tablets; three factors (i.e., compression force, amount of polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, and amount of sodium starch glycolate) and four responses (i.e., tablet thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration time) were included in the design. Results showed that the optimal parameters were compression force of 1500 psi, 4.5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, and 2% sodium starch glycolate. Furthermore, rapid dissolution of the optimal tablets was found. In conclusion, the work succeeded in applying DOE for PSKP granule drying by microwave and formulation development of PSKP tablets with desired properties.

Synergistic antioxidant activity of plant compositions contained in Chatuphalathika herbal recipe: Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L.

Jirapornchai Suksaeree,Thaniya Wunnakup,Chaowalit Monton 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2022 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.22 No.3

The work sought to investigate, using response surface analysis, the synergistic antioxidant activity among four plants— Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L.—which are comprised in the Chatuphalathika recipe. The response surface analysis of the four-component simplex lattice design was performed using the combination index method. The mass ratio of the four plants was varied. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration ( IC50) from 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were monitored and used to calculate the combination index value. Results showed that the total phenolic content was high and the IC50 values from DPPH and FRAP assays were low when T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica were used without P. emblica. Synergistic antioxidant activity was also observed among them. The mixture of T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica without P. emblica gave better synergistic antioxidant activity than when P. emblica was incorporated. The data from this work could be used to select the suitable mass ratio of the plants for the preparation of the supplementary health products in further work.

Interaction of plant ingredients contained in Chatuphalathika herbal remedy based on chemical analysis aspect: four-component simplex lattice design

Monton Chaowalit,Suksaeree Jirapornchai 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.3

This work sought to apply the four-component simplex lattice experimental design to determine the chemical interaction between Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L., which are found in the traditional Chatuphalathika remedy. The four phenolic compounds, gallic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid, were quantified using validated high-performance liquid chromatography. A response surface analysis was also conducted to describe the level of interaction among the four plant ingredients. The results showed that a low content of P. emblica in the herbal remedy exhibited a positive effect on the extraction yield and the phenolic compounds content, except gallic acid. According to the combination index value, the low content of P. emblica in the herbal remedy revealed a positive effect on the interaction of extraction yield and the phenolic compounds content. The maximum interaction was found at an equal weight ratio of T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica, with no P. emblica. The formula which boasts the equal weight ratio of three Terminalia plants exhibited a 167% increase in phenolic compounds as compared with the effects of any of the plants individually. Data from this work could be used to describe the synergy of plant ingredients contained in the Chatuphalathika remedy based on the chemical analysis aspect.

Interaction of herbal ingredients contained in the Trikatuk recipe: design of experiment (DOE) and chemical analysis point of view

Monton Chaowalit,Suksaeree Jirapornchai 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.3

Trikatuk is an herbal recipe used in Thai traditional medicines since ancient times. However, there is no scientific support about the use of the Trikatuk with an equal weight ratio of its herbal mixture. This work sought to apply the design of experiment to determine the interaction between Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes, Piper nigrum L. fruits, and Piper retrofractum Vahl. infructescences, which are found in the traditional Trikatuk recipe. The chemical markers 6-gingerol and piperine were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. A response surface analysis was also conducted to describe the level of interaction among the three herbal plants. The analysis method was a linear response, specific, precise, and accurate. Estimation of interaction generated using computer software were both precise and reliable. The high extraction yield was achieved at a high Piper retrofractum ratio. The high 6-gingerol content was found at the high Zingiber officinale ratio. The high piperine content was found at the equal ratio of Piper nigrum and Piper retrofractum. According to the interaction, the traditional Trikatuk recipe exhibited at least 200% increase in active compounds yield as compared with the effects of any of the plants individually. Data from this work could be used to describe the interaction of Trikatuk extract. Moreover, they may support that the use of the Trikatuk with an equal weight ratio distribution of the three herbal plants is in fact already appropriate.

Preparation and evaluation of film forming polymeric dispersion containing Centella asiatica extract for skin application

Monton Chaowalit,Luprasong Chitradee,Suksaeree Jirapornchai,Songsak Thanapat 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.1

The aim of this work was to develop the film forming polymeric dispersion (FFPD) containing Centella asiatica extract for topical use. Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D were used as the film forming agents. Glycerin was used as a plasti-cizer. Ethanol was used as penetration enhancer and for shortening of film drying time. The best FFPD formulation contained Eudragit® RL 30D 50%, glycerin 20%, ethanol 20%, and C. asiatica extract 10%. It formed a complete film within 10–15 min after application to the skin. The low content of madecassoside and asiaticoside was released from FFPD. Approximately 5% of madecassoside and 6% of asiaticoside were accumulated in the skin within 12 h of skin permeation test. FFPD was stable for more than 60 days but less than 90 days. Nevertheless, formulations will be developed in our future work to improve the stability and increase the skin permeation of the formulation.

Optimization of plant compositions of Trisattakula to maximize antibacterial activity and formulation development of film-forming polymeric solution containing Nigella sativa ethanolic extract

Monton Chaowalit,Settharaksa Sukanya,Suksaeree Jirapornchai,Chankana Natawat,Charoenchai Laksana 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2022 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.22 No.2

The Trisattakula herbal recipe has been used for a long time for the treatment of the symptom of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the plant compositions, it exhibits antibacterial activity. This work sought to optimize the mass ratios of plant compositions of Trisattakula recipe (equal mass ratios of dried seeds of Nigella sativa L., dried fruits of Coriandrum sativum L., and fresh rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) to maximize the anti-Staphylococcus aureus and anti-S. epidermidis activities. The simplex lattice design was applied in the optimization process. Results showed that dried seeds of N. sativa alone gave the highest extraction yield, and the extract of dried seeds of N. sativa alone exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity. The ethanolic extract of dried seeds of N. sativa was further used as an active ingredient of film-forming polymeric solution (FFPS). The three film-forming agents, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5, xanthan gum, and Eudragit ® RL 30D, were used. However, 5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5 blended 0.5% xanthan gum FFPS system containing 9.2% N. sativa extract was the best formulation. It showed good antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The release of thymoquinone determined using validated high-performance liquid chromatography approached the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. In summary, the FFPS containing N. sativa extract could be used as an alternative antibacterial product for the treatment of skin infection caused by the two pathogens: S. aureus and S. epidermidis.

Stability of cannabidiol, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol under stress conditions

Yangsud Jiroj,Santasanasuwan Supadit,Ahkkarachinoreh Pongphop,Maha Athip,Madaka Fameera,Suksaeree Jirapornchai,Songsak Thanapat,Vutthipong Arthimond,Monton Chaowalit 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2021 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.21 No.3

The aim of this work was to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of the stability of cannabidiol, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol. Furthermore, degradation kinetics were also investigated. Five stress conditions—acid degradation, alkaline degradation, oxidation, thermal degradation, and photodegradation—were evaluated. The results showed that the HPLC method had a linear response (R2 ≥ 0.9999) in the test range of 1–200 µg/mL. The method was specific, precise, and accurate. The limits of both detection and quantitation are also reported. According to the stress test, the three cannabinoids (cannabidiol, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol) were stable during exposure to a range of thermal conditions for 24 h. They were unstable when being subjected to acid conditions; cannabidiol under alkaline conditions was extremely unstable. Degradation kinetic analysis demonstrated that the compounds remained at a level of approximately 8% after 5 h, and approached a first-order reaction (R2 = 0.9930) with a rate constant of − 0.5057 h− 1. In summary, the obtained data can be used as a guide for the formulation development of cannabis products in order to maintain their active compounds as well as their activities.

Microwave-assisted extraction of Clausena anisata leaves and Vernonia cinerea whole plants to maximize nitrate content: optimization approach, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity

Monton Chaowalit,Pakkawat Kittiratpattana,Sasipon Nakyai,Tanutporn Sutapakul,Navabhatra Abhiruj,Thaniya Wunnakup,Natawat Chankana,Jirapornchai Suksaeree 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2022 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.22 No.4

Nitrate-rich plants—Clausena anisata leaves and Vernonia cinerea whole plants—are used as smoking cessation aids in Thailand. This work sought to optimize the extraction condition of nitrate from the two plants using microwave-assisted extraction. The Box-Behnken design was applied in this work. Antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity tests were also evaluated. Three factors including microwave power, duration time, and irradiation cycle, were varied from 300 to 600 W, 10 to 30 s, and 1 to 3 cycles, respectively. Two responses including extraction yield and nitrate content were monitored. Results demonstrated that the low microwave power (300 W) with short duration time (10 s), and low irradiation cycle (one cycle) gave the highest nitrate content. The optimum condition provided extraction yield of 26.0 ± 1.1% and nitrate content of 1.31 ± 0.03% for C. anisata leaves, and extraction yield of 15.9 ± 0.2% and nitrate content of 1.32 ± 0.01% for V. cinerea whole plants. Furthermore, their crude extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity and safety profile. In summary, microwave-assisted extraction was an alternative modern technique for the extraction of nitrate from C. anisata leaves and V. cinerea whole plants. Recently, only V. cinerea was officially included in the National List of Essential Medicines. This work could be used to support the potential of C. anisata leaves as a smoking cessation aid like V. cinerea.