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Pak, Michael Hae-Jin,Lee, Won-Hyung,Ko, Young-Kwon,So, Sang-Young,Kim, Hyun-Joong The Korean Pain Society 2012 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.25 No.2
Background: Previous studies have shown that if performed without radiographic guidance, the loss of resistance (LOR) technique can result in inaccurate needle placement in up to 30% of lumbar epidural blocks. To date, no study has shown the efficacy of measuring the depth of the posterior complex (ligamentum flavum, epidural space, and posterior dura) ultrasonographically to distinguish true and false LOR. Methods: 40 cervical epidural blocks were performed using the LOR technique and confirmed by epidurograms. Transverse ultrasound images of the C6/7 area were taken before each cervical epidural block, and the distances from the skin to the posterior complex, transverse process, and supraspinous ligament were measured on each ultrasound view. The number of LOR attempts was counted, and the depth of each LOR was measured with a standard ruler. Correlation of false and true positive LOR depth with ultrasonographically measured depth was also statistically analyzed. Results: 76.5% of all cases (26 out of 34) showed false positive LOR. Concordance correlation coefficients between the measured distances on ultrasound (skin to ligamentum flavum) and actual needle depth were 0.8285 on true LOR. Depth of the true positive LOR correlated with height and weight, with a mean of $5.64{\pm}1.06cm$, while the mean depth of the false positive LOR was $4.08{\pm}1.00cm$. Conclusions: Ultrasonographic measurement of the ligamentum flavum depth (or posterior complex) preceding cervical epidural block is beneficial in excluding false LOR and increasing success rates of cervical epidural blocks.
Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats
So-Won Pak,Je-Oh Lim,Se-Jin Lee,Woong-Il Kim,Jong-Choon Kim,In-Sik Shin 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
The present study investigated the potential adverse effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) following a 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg/day for 4weeks. After administration of AlCl3 at 900 mg/kg/day, treatment-related systemic toxicity manifested as significant increases in salivation incidence, neutrophil percentage, reticulocytes, serum triglyceride, adrenal gland and liver weights, and single-hepatocyte necrosis, as well as significant decreases in body weight gain, food intake, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte percentage, serum total protein and albumin, and thymus weight in male rats; and significant increases in salivation incidence, serum triglyceride, and liver weight, as well as a significant decrease in lymphocyte percentage in female rats. At 300 mg/kg/day, a significant decrease in MCHC was found in male rats, but not in female rats. However, this finding was not toxicologically significant because the reduction was minimal and was not accompanied by changes in any other parameters. No treatment-related effects were observed in the 100 mg/kg/day group of both genders. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the target organs of AlCl3 were determined to be the blood, liver, and thymus in rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was found to be 300 mg/kg/day in rats of both genders.
박소연(Pak, So Yeon),신진동(Shin, Jin Dong),윤상훈(Yoon, Sang Hoon),원진영(Won, Jin Young),임동현(Im, Dong Hyun) 한국방재학회 2017 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.-
국민안전처는 지자체의 안전역량 진단 및 관리를 위해 「재난 및 안전관리 기본법」제66조의 8(안전지수의 공표)에 근거하여 지역안전지수를 공표하고 있다. 지역안전지수는 안전과 관련된 각종 통계자료를 활용하여 전국 시/도, 시/군/구 단위의 정량적 안전수준을 진단한 결과로서 일상에서 발생하는 각종 사건·사고를 7개 분야(화재, 교통, 범죄, 안전사고, 자살, 감염병, 자연재해)로 구분하고 있다. 지역안전지수는 1년마다