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Alpha-Synuclein Function and Dysfunction on Cellular Membranes
David Snead,David Eliezer 한국뇌신경과학회 2014 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.23 No.4
Alpha-synuclein is a small neuronal protein that is closely associated with the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Mutations in andalterations in expression levels of alpha-synuclein cause autosomal dominant early onset heredity forms of Parkinson's disease, andsporadic Parkinson's disease is defined in part by the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites that are composed primarily ofalpha-synuclein deposited in an aggregated amyloid fibril state. The normal function of alpha-synuclein is poorly understood, andthe precise mechanisms by which it leads to toxicity and cell death are also unclear. Although alpha-synuclein is a highly soluble,cytoplasmic protein, it binds to a variety of cellular membranes of different properties and compositions. These interactions areconsidered critical for at least some normal functions of alpha-synuclein, and may well play critical roles in both the aggregationof the protein and its mechanisms of toxicity. Here we review the known features of alpha-synuclein membrane interactions in thecontext of both the putative functions of the protein and of its pathological roles in disease.
김원주,김대종,정충환,박지연,Lance L. Snead 한국세라믹학회 2013 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.50 No.6
Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CFCCs) have a complex distribution of porosity, consisting of interfiber micro pores and interbundle/interply macro pores. Owing to the complex geometry of the pores and fiber architecture, it is difficult to obtain representative microstructural features throughout the specimen volume with conventional, destructive ceramographic approaches. In this study, we introduce X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray μCT) to nondestructively analyze the microstructures of disk shaped and tubular SiCf/SiC composites fabricated by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method. The disk specimen made by stacking plain-woven SiC fabrics exhibited periodic, large fluctuation of porosity in the stacking direction but much less variation of porosity perpendicular to the fabric planes. The X-ray μCT evaluation of the microstructure was also effectively utilized to improve the fabrication process of the triple-layered tubular SiC composite.
Evaluation methods for the hoop strength of small-sized tubular ceramic components
Hong, Seong-Gu,Byun, Thak-Sang,Snead, Lance L.,Lee, Chong Soo Cambridge University Press (Materials Research Soc 2009 Journal of materials research Vol.24 No.4
<P>Miniaturized test methods were developed and applied to measure the hoop strength of small tubular components. A diametrical loading method and an internal pressurization method using elastomeric insert were adopted in the development of testing methods. Detailed analyses to assess these testing methods were attempted by using theoretical solutions and finite element analysis for stress distributions and the characteristics of the Weibull statistics. To demonstrate the applicability of the test methods, commercially available alumina tubes and miniature silicon carbide coatings from surrogate nuclear fuel particles were tested and their fracture strength distributions were analyzed with Weibull statistics. The size scaling relationship on the fracture strength was investigated by correlating with effective surface area. Furthermore, the applicability of the testing methods was discussed in terms of multiaxial stress fields, altered stress distribution by flattened loading contact, and availability of insert, focusing on high-temperature applications.</P>
Kim, Weon-Ju,Kim, Daejong,Jung, Choong Hwan,Park, Ji Yeon,Snead, Lance L. The Korean Ceramic Society 2013 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.50 No.6
Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CFCCs) have a complex distribution of porosity, consisting of interfiber micro pores and interbundle/interply macro pores. Owing to the complex geometry of the pores and fiber architecture, it is difficult to obtain representative microstructural features throughout the specimen volume with conventional, destructive ceramographic approaches. In this study, we introduce X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray ${\mu}CT$) to nondestructively analyze the microstructures of disk shaped and tubular $SiC_f$/SiC composites fabricated by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method. The disk specimen made by stacking plain-woven SiC fabrics exhibited periodic, large fluctuation of porosity in the stacking direction but much less variation of porosity perpendicular to the fabric planes. The X-ray ${\mu}CT$ evaluation of the microstructure was also effectively utilized to improve the fabrication process of the triple-layered tubular SiC composite.
Role of MIZ-1 in <i>AMELX</i> gene expression
Noh, Hee-Jin,Koh, Dong-In,Lee, Kon-O.,Jeon, Bu-Nam,Kim, Min-Kyeong,Snead, Malcom L.,Hur, Man-Wook Elsevier 2016 Biochemistry and biophysics reports Vol.8 No.-
<▼1><P>Amelogenin (AMELX) is the main component of the developing tooth enamel matrix and is essential for enamel thickness and structure. However, little is known about its transcriptional regulation. Using gene expression analysis, we found that MIZ-1, a potent transcriptional activator of <I>CDKN1A</I>, is expressed during odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs (human dental pulp stem cells), and is essential for odontoblast differentiation and mineralization. We also investigated how MIZ-1 regulates gene expression of <I>AMELX</I>. Oligonucleotide-pull down assays showed that MIZ-1 binds to an MRE (MIZ-1 binding element) of the <I>AMELX</I> proximal promoter region (bp, −170 to −25). Combined, our ChIP, transient transcription assays, and promoter mutagenesis revealed that MIZ-1 directly binds to the MRE of the <I>Amelx</I> promoter recruits p300 and induces <I>Amelx</I> gene transcription. Finally, we show that the zinc finger protein MIZ-1 is an essential transcriptional activator of <I>Amelx</I>, which is critical in odontogenesis and matrix mineralization in the developing tooth.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>•<P><I><B>MIZ-1</B></I><B>is expressed during odontoblast differentiation.</B></P>•<P><B>MIZ-1 activates transcription of the</B><I><B>Amelx</B></I><B>gene.</B></P>•<P><B>MIZ-1 binds to the proximal promoter MRE (bp, −70 to −49).</B></P>•<P><B>MIZ-1 is a critical factor of odontogenesis and matrix mineralization of hDPSCs.</B></P></P></▼2>