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Sivanantham, Arumugam,Ganesan, Pandian,Shanmugam, Sangaraju Elsevier 2018 Applied Catalysis B Vol.237 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The development of efficient and durable non-precious cathode catalyst have been received the great interest to replace the commercial noble catalysts, thereby minimizing the overall cost of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. We describe the synthesis of self-redox CeO<SUB>2</SUB> supported Co in nitrogen-doped carbon nanorods (Co-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>/N-CNR) by the electro-spun method, and introduced as an enhanced bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction (ORR) as well as evolution (OER) reactions by the synergistic effect of oxygen buffer CeO<SUB>2</SUB> with metallic Co. Systematic structural and optical studies confirm the formation and uniform distribution of CeO<SUB>2</SUB> and Co particles in N-CNR. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Co-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>/N-CNR reveals that the presence of Co<SUP>2+</SUP> and multiple valence states of ceria (Ce<SUP>4+</SUP> and Ce<SUP>3+</SUP>). The shift in binding energies of Co<SUP>2+</SUP> and Ce<SUP>3+</SUP> states confirm the possible interaction for the cooperative effect of ceria and cobalt during ORR and OER, and electrode stability improvement as well. The Co-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>/N-CNR catalyst shows the enhanced oxygen electrode potential of 0.84V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode), which is 100 and 196mV lower than Co/N-CNR and Pt/C, respectively, including the improved stability.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The self-redox ceria and cobalt in N-CNR explored as bi-functional electrocatalysts. </LI> <LI> The concurrent improvement in both activity and stability of catalyst was noticed. </LI> <LI> The role of multiple valance states of oxygen buffer ceria in the catalyst was studied. </LI> <LI> Hence, the ceria provides the effective path to utilize more oxygen or <I>vice versa</I>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Sivanantham, Arumugam,Shanmugam, Sangaraju Elsevier 2017 Applied catalysis. B, Environmental Vol.203 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Herein, we describe an <I>in-situ</I> hybridization of Nickel Selenide (Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Se<SUB>2</SUB>) with a Nickel Foam (NF) current collector as an efficient, ultra-durable electrode for the continuous alkaline water electrolysis. Earth abundant, cost effective, non-precious self-made Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Se<SUB>2</SUB>/NF electrode delivers an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential value of 315mV at a current density of 100mAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> (versus a reversible hydrogen electrode) in aqueous electrolyte of 1M KOH. On a static current density of 100mAcm<SUP>−2</SUP>, Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Se<SUB>2</SUB>/NF electrode shows a good OER stability over 285h with very small potential loss of 5.5% in alkaline electrolyte. Accordingly, the alkaline water electrolyzer constructed with Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Se<SUB>2</SUB>/NF (anode) and NiCo<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>4</SUB>/NF (cathode), it requires 1.58V to deliver 10mAcm<SUP>−2</SUP> current density, with 500h continuous operation in 1M KOH. In addition, we demonstrate that the light-driven water splitting using solar panel, it can be a promising approach to facilitate true independence from electricity in H<SUB>2</SUB> fuel economy. Overall, this methodology is one of the appropriate energy efficient ways to reduce the cost of water splitting devices, as it may simplify the diverse process and equipment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> 3D-Ni<SUB>3</SUB>Se<SUB>2</SUB> porous electrode was prepared using one-step hydrothermal method. </LI> <LI> Explored as a low potential electrocatalyst to drive the oxygen evolution reaction. </LI> <LI> Demonstrated 500h continuous electrolyzer operation using both non-precious electrodes. </LI> <LI> Solar light assisted water splitting reduces the cost of electricity in H<SUB>2</SUB> generation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization Model for Demand Response in a Connected Microgrid
( Geetha Sivanantham ),( Srivatsun Gopalakrishnan ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.1
Smart power grid is a user friendly system that transforms the traditional electric grid to the one that operates in a co-operative and reliable manner. Demand Response (DR) is one of the important components of the smart grid. The DR programs enable the end user participation by which they can communicate with the electricity service provider and shape their daily energy consumption patterns and reduce their consumption costs. The increasing demands of electricity owing to growing population stresses the need for optimal usage of electricity and also to look out alternative and cheap renewable sources of electricity. The solar and wind energy are the promising sources of alternative energy at present because of renewable nature and low cost implementation. The proposed work models a smart home with renewable energy units. The random nature of the renewable sources like wind and solar energy brings an uncertainty to the model developed. A stochastic dual descent optimization method is used to bring optimality to the developed model. The proposed work is validated using the simulation results. From the results it is concluded that proposed work brings a balanced usage of the grid power and the renewable energy units. The work also optimizes the daily consumption pattern thereby reducing the consumption cost for the end users of electricity.
Ganesan, Pandian,Sivanantham, Arumugam,Shanmugam, Sangaraju The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.6 No.3
<P>The development of efficient catalysts to overcome the significant overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key bottleneck in the large-scale production of pure hydrogen. In the present work, we describe a simple approach for the fabrication of CoS2-TiO2 hybrid catalysts by the heat treatment of a cobalt thiourea complex in the presence of TiO2. We show the CoS2-TiO2 hybrid as a bi-functional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in alkaline electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers. The optimal CoS2-TiO2 hybrid offered low overpotentials of 231 and 198 mV for the OER and HER, respectively. Fundamental studies pertaining to the role of TiO2 in enhancing the catalytic activity of the materials using optical and electrochemical band gap measurements of the CoS2-TiO2 hybrids were carried out. Additionally, the constructed MEA using the CoS2-TiO2 hybrid showed higher performance with an approximately 234 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> current density at a cell voltage of 1.9 V and exhibited extended durable operation over 200 h, as compared to the MEA constructed with state-of-the-art all-noble-metal electrodes.</P>
Shanmugam, Sangaraju,Sivanantham, Arumugam,Matsunaga, Mariko,Simon, Ulrich,Osaka, Tetsuya Elsevier 2019 ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Vol.297 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We describe a facile and simple solid-state thermolysis route for the preparation of Co, Ni, and Fe phosphide nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon using an organometallic complex. This was achieved by using a suitable organometallic complex in a single step synthetic route without using any solvent or catalyst. The advantage of using such precursor was to offer a source for metal, phosphorus and carbon without using any additional sources. The morphology of products was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and nature of carbon was analyzed using the Raman microscope and X-ray diffraction. The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and stability of the metal phosphide nanostructure was evaluated using the rotating disk electrode technique. The CoP, NiP and FeP exhibit the OER overpotential of 370, 380 and 550 mV at 10 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, respectively in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. Among prepared phosphide catalysts, cobalt phosphide shows a lowest Tafel slope indicate favorable kinetics for the OER activity than nickel and iron phosphide catalysts.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Ganesan, P.,Sivanantham, A.,Shanmugam, S. Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for e Vol.4 No.42
<P>Efficient and durable electrocatalysts for water splitting (both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)) are required for the replacement of expensive noble metal-based catalysts used in water electrolysis devices. Herein, we describe the inexpensive synthesis of electrochemically deposited nickel iron sulphides on nickel foam (NiFeS/NF) and their use as highly efficient bi-functional water splitting catalysts that can meet the current energy demands. The NiFeS/NF electrocatalysts exhibited low overpotentials of approximately 231 mV for the OER and 180 mV for the HER in 1 M KOH. Moreover, the NiFeS/NF electrocatalysts exhibited a turnover frequency of one order of magnitude higher than those of state-of-the-art noble metal catalysts (RuO2 and Pt/C) for the OER and HER. In addition to this excellent activity, the bi-functional catalyst also exhibited an outstanding OER and HER electrode stability for over 200 h with minimal loss in activity. Further, it can be directly used in the practical application of alkaline electrolyte membrane water electrolysis. The high performance, prolonged electrode stability, and facile synthesis as an adherent coating on nickel foam suggest that NiFeS/NF electrocatalysts might be suitable for use as alternative commercially viable catalysts.</P>
Ganesan, Pandian,Sivanantham, Arumugam,Shanmugam, Sangaraju American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.14
<P>One of the important challenges in alkaline water electrolysis is to utilize a bifunctional catalyst for both hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions to increase the efficiency of water splitting devices for the long durable operations. Herein, nickel-cobalt-titanium (NCT) alloy is directly grown on a high corrosion resistance titanium foil by a simple, single, and rapid electrochemical deposition at room temperature. The electrocatalytic activity of NCT alloy electrodes is evaluated for both HER and OER in aqueous electrolyte. Our NCT electrocatalyst exhibits low overpotentials around 125 and 331 mV for HER and OER, respectively, in 1 M KOH. In addition to this outstanding activity, the bifunctional catalyst also exhibits excellent OER and HER electrode stability up to 150 h of continuous operation with a minimal loss in activity. Further, the NCT alloy directly grown on titanium foil is used to directly construct membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for alkaline electrolyte membrane (AEM) water electrolyzer, which make the practical applicability. This single-step electrodeposition reveals NCT on titanium foil with high activity and excellent electrode stability suitable for replacing alternative commercial viable catalyst for the alkaline water splitting.</P>