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D.L. Aminin,I.G. Agafonova,V.I. Kalinin,A.S. Silchenko,S.A. Avilov,V.A. Stonik,P.D. Collin,C. Woodward 한국식품영양과학회 2008 Journal of medicinal food Vol.11 No.3
Frondoside A, a major triterpene glycoside from North Atlantic commercially harvested sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa, possesses strong immunomodulatory properties in subtoxic doses. Frondoside A stimulates lysosomal activity of mouse macrophages in vivo at a maximal effective stimulatory dose of 0.2 μg per mouse and is maintained over 10 days. This glycoside also shows a 30% stimulation of lysosomal activity in mouse macrophages in vitro at concentrations of 0.1–0.38 μg/mL. Frondoside A enhances macrophage phagocytosis of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in vitro at a maximal effective concentration of 0.001 μg/mL. Frondoside A stimulates reactive oxygen species formation in macrophages in vitro at a maximal effective concentration of 0.001 μg/mL. Frondoside A stimulates an increase in the number of antibody plaque-forming cells (normally B-cells in spleen) in vivo with a maximal stimulatory effect at a concentration of 0.2 μg per mouse (stimulatory index, 1.86). Frondoside A has a weak effect upon immunoglobulin (Ig) M production after immunization with sheep erythrocytes in mice. Frondoside A does not stimulate Ig production in mice and does not significantly enhance the ovalbumin-stimulated IgM and IgG antibody levels in ovalbumin-immunized mice. Hence frondoside A is an immunostimulant of cell-based immunity including phagocytosis without a significant effect on amplification of humoral immune activity or adjuvant properties. Therefore, frondoside A may provide curative and/or preventive treatment options against diseases wherein a depleted immune status contributes to the pathological processes.
Shubina, Larisa K.,Makarieva, Tatyana N.,Denisenko, Vladimir A.,Dmitrenok, Pavel S.,Dyshlovoy, Sergey A.,von Amsberg, Gunhild,Glazunov, Valery P.,Silchenko, Artem S.,Stonik, Inna V.,Lee, Hyi-Seung NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS 2016 Natural product communications Vol.11 No.9
<P>As a result of the first study on secondary metabolites from the cosmopolitan bioluminescent marine tube polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus, a new bicyclic guanidine alkaloid, 6-epi-monanchorin (1), along with the previously known monanchorin (2) were isolated. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods, including a cleavage of the C-1-O-7 bond to obtain a secondary alcohol (3), which was used to determine the absolute configurations by Mosher's method. It was found that 1 and 2 were mainly accumulated in a secreted mucus special organ of the worm (food net), where green and blue-green microalgae were detected. A biosynthetic pathway to 6-epi-monanchorin and monanchorin from dietary polyenic fatty acid precursors was proposed.</P>