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Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol for Load Balancing in WSN Using Mobile Sink Node
Kaur, Rajwinder,Shergi, Gurleen Kaur Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2016 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.15 No.3
Load balancing is a significant technique to prolong a network's lifetime in sensor network. This paper introduces a hybrid approach named as Load Distributing Hybrid Routing Protocol (LDHRP) composed with a border node routing protocol (BDRP) and greedy forwarding (GF) strategy which will make the routing effective, especially in mobility scenarios. In an existing solution, because of the high network complexity, the data delivery latency increases. To overcome this limitation, a new approach is proposed in which the source node transmits the data to its respective destination via border nodes or greedily until the complete data is transmitted. In this way, the whole load of a network is evenly distributed among the participating nodes. However, border node is mainly responsible in aggregating data from the source and further forwards it to mobile sink; so there will be fewer chances of energy expenditure in the network. In addition to this, number of hop counts while transmitting the data will be reduced as compared to the existing solutions HRLBP and ZRP. From the simulation results, we conclude that proposed approach outperforms well than existing solutions in terms including end-to-end delay, packet loss rate and so on and thus guarantees enhancement in lifetime.
Westhovens, Rene,Robles, Manuel,Ximenes, Antonio Carlos,Wollenhaupt, Jurgen,Durez, Patrick,Gomez-Reino, Juan,Grassi, Walter,Haraoui, Boulos,Shergy, William,Park, Sung-Hwan,Genant, Harry,Peterfy, Charl H. K. Lewis 2015 Annals of the rheumatic diseases Vol.74 No.3
<P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>To evaluate maintenance of response while reducing intravenous abatacept dose from ∼10 mg/kg to ∼5 mg/kg in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieved disease activity score (DAS)28 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR) <2.6.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>This 1-year, multinational, randomised, double-blind substudy evaluated the efficacy and safety of ∼10 mg/kg and ∼5 mg/kg abatacept in patients with early RA with poor prognosis who had reached DAS28 (ESR) <2.6 at year 2 of the AGREE study. The primary outcome was time to disease relapse (defined as additional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, ≥2 courses high-dose steroids, return to open-label abatacept ∼10 mg/kg, or DAS28 (C reactive protein) ≥3.2 at two consecutive visits).</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>108 patients were randomised (∼10 mg/kg, n=58; ∼5 mg/kg, n=50). Three and five patients, respectively, discontinued, and four per group returned to open-label abatacept. Relapse over time and the proportion of patients relapsing were similar in both groups (31% (∼10 mg/kg) vs 34% (∼5 mg/kg); HR: 0.87 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.69)). Mean steady-state trough serum concentration for the ∼10 mg/kg group was 20.3–24.1 µg/mL, compared with 8.8–12.0 µg/mL for the ∼5 mg/kg group.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>This exploratory study suggests that abatacept dose reduction may be an option in patients with poor prognosis early RA who achieve DAS28 (ESR) <2.6 after ≥1 year on abatacept (∼10 mg/kg).</P><P><B>Trial registration number</B></P><P>NCT00989235.</P>
Westhovens, R,Robles, M,Ximenes, A C,Nayiager, S,Wollenhaupt, J,Durez, P,Gomez-Reino, J,Grassi, W,Haraoui, B,Shergy, W,Park, S-H,Genant, H,Peterfy, C,Becker, J-C,Covucci, A,Helfrick, R,Bathon, J BMJ Group 2009 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Vol.68 No.12
<P><B>Objectives:</B></P><P>To assess the efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and poor prognostic factors.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>In this double-blind, phase IIIb study, patients with RA for 2 years or less were randomly assigned 1 : 1 to receive abatacept (∼10 mg/kg) plus methotrexate, or placebo plus methotrexate. Patients were methotrexate-naive and seropositive for rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) type 2 or both and had radiographic evidence of joint erosions. The co-primary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28)-defined remission (C-reactive protein) and joint damage progression (Genant-modified Sharp total score; TS) at year 1. Safety was monitored throughout.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>At baseline, patients had a mean DAS28 of 6.3, a mean TS of 7.1 and mean disease duration of 6.5 months; 96.5% and 89.0% of patients were RF or anti-CCP2 seropositive, respectively. At year 1, a significantly greater proportion of abatacept plus methotrexate-treated patients achieved remission (41.4% vs 23.3%; p<0.001) and there was significantly less radiographic progression (mean change in TS 0.63 vs 1.06; p = 0.040) versus methotrexate alone. Over 1 year, the frequency of adverse events (84.8% vs 83.4%), serious adverse events (7.8% vs 7.9%), serious infections (2.0% vs 2.0%), autoimmune disorders (2.3% vs 2.0%) and malignancies (0.4% vs 0%) was comparable for abatacept plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>In a methotrexate-naive population with early RA and poor prognostic factors, the combination of abatacept and methotrexate provided significantly better clinical and radiographic efficacy compared with methotrexate alone and had a comparable, favourable safety profile.</P>