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A Review of Stream Assessment Methodologies and Restoration
Shera M. Bender,Chang Woo Ahn 대한환경공학회 2011 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.16 No.2
Rapid population growth and land use changes have severely degraded streams across the United States. In response, there has been a surge in the number of stream restoration projects, including stream restoration for mitigation purposes. Currently, most projects do not include evaluation and monitoring, which are critical in the success of stream restoration projects. The goal of this study is to review the current status of assessment methodologies and restoration approaches for streams in Virginia, with the aim of assisting the restoration community in making sound decisions. As part of the study, stream restoration projects data from a project in Fairfax County, Virginia was assessed. This review revealed that the stream assessment methodologies currently applied to restoration are visually-based and do not include biological data collection and/or a method to incorporate watershed information. It was found from the case study that out of the twenty nine restoration projects that had occurred between 1995 and 2003 in Fairfax County, nineteen projects reported bank stabilization as a goal or the only goal, indicating an emphasis on a single physical component rather than on the overall ecological integrity of streams. It also turned out that only seven projects conducted any level of monitoring as part of the restoration, confirming the lack of evaluation and monitoring. However, Fairfax County has recently improved its stream restoration practices by developing and incorporating watershed management plans. This now provides one of the better cases that might be looked upon by stakeholders when planning future stream restoration projects.
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Shailendra Singh Shera,Shraddha Sahu,Rathindra Mohan Banik 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2018 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.15 No.2
Silk fibroin/xanthan composite was investigated as a suitable biomedical material for controlled drug delivery, and blending ratios of silk fibroin and xanthan were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) approach. A non-linear ANN model was developed to predict the effect of blending ratios, percentage swelling and porosity of composite material on cumulative percentage release. The efficiency of RSM was assessed against ANN and it was found that ANN is better in optimizing and modeling studies for the fabrication of the composite material. In-vitro release studies of the loaded drug chloramphenicol showed that the optimum composite scaffold was able to minimize burst release of drug and was followed by controlled release for 5 days. Mechanistic study of release revealed that the drug release process is diffusion controlled. Moreover, during tissue engineering application, investigation of release pattern of incorporated bioactive agent is beneficial to predict, control and monitor cellular response of growing tissues. This work also presented a novel insight into usage of various drug release model to predict material properties. Based on the goodness of fit of the model, Korsmeyer–Peppas was found to agree well with exper- imental drug release profile, which indicated that the fabricated material has swellable nature. The chloramphenicol (CHL) loaded scaffold showed better efficacy against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. CHL loaded SFX55 (50:50) scaffold shows promising biocomposite for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
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