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Zhang, Shaoqing,Qin, Yunpeng,Uddin, Mohammad Afsar,Jang, Bomee,Zhao, Wenchao,Liu, Delong,Woo, Han Young,Hou, Jianhui American Chemical Society 2016 Macromolecules Vol.49 No.8
<P>Here, taking a polythiophene derivative (PBDD4T) as a starting polymer, we tried to increase the rotation barrier and hence stabilize its backbone conformation by introducing fluorine into the beta and beta'-position of the alpha-linked bithiophene segments and then synthesized a new polymer named as PBDD4T-2F. Our results demonstrate that the rotation barrier between the a-linked bithiophene significantly increases after the fluorination, so PBDD4T-2F has a more stable backbone conformation than PBDD4T. Compared to PBDD4T, PBDD4T-2F shows stronger aggregation effect in solution state and more compact pi-pi stacking in solid thin film and also possesses deeper HOMO level. These properties make PBDD4T-2F being an ideal donor material in PSCs. When blended with PC71BM, a fullerene acceptor, the PBDD4T-2F-based device showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.04%, which is 38% higher than that of the PBDD4T-based device; when blended with ITIC, a non-fullerene acceptor, the PBDD4T-2F-based device showed a PCE of 8.69%, which is almost 20 times higher than that of the PBDD4T-based device. What is more, the tandem cell, in which the blend of PBDD4T-2F:PC61BM was used for making the front subcell, exhibited a high PCE of 10.12%. The photovoltaic results indicate that the fluorination is an effective method to enhance interchain pi-pi interaction for the polythiophene and hence to tune its photovoltaic properties in PSCs, especially for the fullerene-free device based on ITIC.</P>
지하상가 통로의 공간적 요소가 경로 선택에 미치는 영향 - T자형 길목에서 출입구 찾기 시뮬레이션 -
장소정(Zhang, Shaoqing),박수빈(Park, Soobeen) 대한건축학회 2021 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.37 No.4
Wayfinding concerns spatial experience and personal safety. Although studies suggest that corridor spatial configuration promotes wayfinding behavior, a lack of empirical evidence and detailed discussion in practice prevails, especially in underground streets where people often encounter wayfinding issues. To verify whether corridor configuration attributes, namely, width, length, height, or radian, encourage people’s turn-taking during exit-finding in practice, we simulated a series of exit-finding tasks in virtual streets combined with four different T-intersections. This study finds that exit-finders prefer going the upward pathway via stairs followed by the corridors with broader widths or curved corners; with the short ones showing no visible affinity; besides, exit-finders seem to have an inherent right turn preference when facing a two directional-path. As a theoretical contribution to wayfinding issues, this study offers some empirical evidence for the effect of corridor configurations on pathfinders’ turn-taking. Deviating from researches conducted in image-choices, e.g., the floor plans, virtual environment screenshots, or panoramic photos, this study applies virtual roaming technology combined with UE4 to obtain relevant experimental data, and provides some ideas for future research.
Design of an Air-Core HTS quadruple triplet for a heavy ion accelerator
Zhang, Zhan,Wei, Shaoqing,Lee, Sangjin The Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity a 2016 한국초전도저온공학회논문지 Vol.18 No.4
In recent years, high-temperature superconductor (HTS) Quadruple Triplets are being developed for heavy ion accelerators, because the HTS magnets are suitable to withstand radiation and high heat loads in the hot cell of accelerators. Generally, an iron yoke, which costs a mass of material, was employed to enhance the magnetic field when a quadrupole magnet was designed. The type of the magnet is called iron-dominated magnet, because the total magnetic field was mainly induced by the iron. However, in the HTS superconductor iron-dominated magnets, the coil-induced field also can have a certain proportion. Therefore, the air-core HTS quadrupole magnets can be considered instead of the iron-core HTS quadrupole magnet to be employed to save the iron material. This study presents the design of an air-core HTS quadruple triplet which consists three by air-core HTS quadruple magnet and compare the design result with that of an iron-core HTS quadruple triplet. First, the characteristics of an air-core HTS quadrupole magnet were analyzed to select the magnet system for the magnetic field uniformity impairment. Then, the field uniformity was improved(< 0.1%) exactly using evolution strategy (ES) method for each iron-core HTS quadrupole magnet and the air-core HTS quadruple triplet was established. Finally, the designed air-core triplet was compared with the iron-core HTS quadruple triplet, and the results of beam trajectories were presented with both the HTS quadruple triplet systems to show that the air-core triplet can be employed instead of the iron-core HTS triplet. The design of the air-core quadruple triplet was suggested for a heavy ion accelerator.
Shaoqing Guo,Liangfu Zhao,Xiaoxiao Wang,Fang Guo,Xianxian Wei,Zhenmin Liu,Wei Zhang 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.7
A series of SAPO-11 zeolites with different Si contents were prepared by hydrothermally synthesized method. They were characterized by ICP, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption, NH3-TPD and 29Si MAS NMR, and evaluated by the methylation of naphthalene with methanol to 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-DMN). According to XRD and SEM results, the crystallinity of SAPO-11 sample increased with increase of the Si content until the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio was up to 0.2. However, a reduction in the crystallinity was observed with further increase of the Si content of the synthesis. N2 adsorption-desorption results showed that all the samples possessed micropores and secondary mesopores. SAPO-11 sample with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 0.2 exhibited the largest secondary mesopores size distributions. NH3-TPD and 29Si MAS NMR showed that the Si content was incorporated into the framework affecting not only the acid sites but also the acid strength of SAPO-11. SAPO-11 with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 0.2 presented the high catalytic performances for the methylation of naphthalene, which was mainly attributed to the amount of secondary mesopores in the SAPO-11 zeolite.
Zhang, Zhan,Wei, Shaoqing,Lee, Sangjin,Jo, Hyun Chul,Kim, Do Gyun,Kim, Jongwon The Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity a 2016 한국초전도저온공학회논문지 Vol.18 No.2
In recent years, the iron-dominated high-temperature superconductor (HTS) quadrupole magnets are being developed for heavy ion accelerators. Field analyses for iron-dominated quadrupole magnets were based on the normal-conducting (NC) quadrupole magnet early in the development for accelerators. Some conclusions are still in use today. However, the magnetic field of iron-dominated HTS quadrupole magnets cannot fully follow these conclusions. This study established an HTS quadrupole magnet model and an NC quadrupole magnet model, respectively. The harmonic characteristics of two magnets were analyzed and compared. According to the comparison, the conventional iron-dominated quadrupole magnets can be designed for maximum field gradient; the HTS quadrupole magnet, however, should be considered with varying field gradient. Finally, the HTS quadrupole magnet was designed for the changing field gradient. The field quality of the design was improved comparing with the result of the previous study. The new design for the HTS quadrupole magnet has been suggested.
An OSSE Study for Deep Argo Array using the GFDL Ensemble Coupled Data Assimilation System
장유순,Shaoqing Zhang,Anthony Rosati,Gabriel A. Vecchi,Xiaosong Yang 한국해양과학기술원 2018 Ocean science journal Vol.53 No.2
An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) using an ensemble coupled data assimilation system was designed to investigate the impact of deep ocean Argo profile assimilation in a biased numerical climate system. Based on the modern Argo observational array and an artificial extension to full depth, “observations” drawn from one coupled general circulation model (CM2.0) were assimilated into another model (CM2.1). Our results showed that coupled data assimilation with simultaneous atmospheric and oceanic constraints plays a significant role in preventing deep ocean drift. However, the extension of the Argo array to full depth did not significantly improve the quality of the oceanic climate estimation within the bias magnitude in the twin experiment. Even in the “identical” twin experiment for the deep Argo array from the same model (CM2.1) with the assimilation model, no significant changes were shown in the deep ocean, such as in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the Antarctic bottom water cell. The small ensemble spread and corresponding weak constraints by the deep Argo profiles with medium spatial and temporal resolution may explain why the deep Argo profiles did not improve the deep ocean features in the assimilation system. Additional studies using different assimilation methods with improved spatial and temporal resolution of the deep Argo array are necessary in order to more thoroughly understand the impact of the deep Argo array on the assimilation system.